^ 


\/ 


U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

division  of  entomology. 

Bulletin  No.  7. 

ss4^^=^^— — — = 


THE 


m'^ 


\960 


ILI  AND  MALLOPHAGA 


AFFECTING 


MAN  AND  THE  LOWER  ANIMALS. 


BY 


PROF.    HERBERT    OSBORN. 


(PUBLISHED  BY  THE  AUTHORITY  OF  THE  S 


.. ^S  OEP^isSi^p^G'IlON! 

GOVERN  ME  nT"  P  k  I  N  Ti  N  G     OFFICE. 
I  89  I 


U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 
division  of  entomology. 

Bulletin  No.  7. 


THE 


PEDICULI  AND  MALLOPHAGA 


AFFECTING 


MAX  AND  THE  LOWER  ANIMALS. 


BY 


PROF.     HERBERT    OSBORN. 


(PUBLISHED  BY  THE  AUTHORITY  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 
189  I. 


CONTENTS 


Page. 

Letter  of  submittal 3 

Introiluctory  note 5 

Heniiptura-I'arasita  7 

Family  I'ediculidai — The  Suctorial  Lice .  7 

The  Crab  Louse 8 

The  Head  Louse 9 

The  Body  Louse 9 

The  Louse  of  the  Ape 10 

Lice  infestiu};  the  Monkey 11 

The  suckini;  Dog-Loose 11 

The  Louse  of  the  Camel  12 

Lice  infestiug  the  Giratfe,  Deer,  and 

Antelope IJ 

The  sucking  Louse  of  the  goat 12 

The  short-nosed  OxLouse 13 

The  long-nosed  Ox-Louse 16 

The  Buflfalo  Lonse 18 

TheHogLou.se 18 

The  sucking  Horse-Louse 21 

Sucking  Lice  infesting  the  Eodenls-  22 

The  Elephant  Louse 22 

Technical  Descriptions  of  New  Species.  23 

Louse  of  the  Field  Mouse 23 

Louse  of  the  Flying  Squirrel 23 

Louse  of  the  FoiS<iuirrel 25 

Louse  of  the  White-footed  Mouse..  26 
Louse  of  the  Ground  Squirrels  and 

Chiiuuuuk 27 

Sucking  Louse  of  the  Pocket  Gopher  28 

Psoudoneuroptera  Mallophaga 30 

Philopleridii- 31 

Lou.te  of  Ducks  and  Geese 31 

The  little  red  Swan-Louse 32 

Chicken  Louse 32 

Pigeon  Louse 33 

The  Peacock  Goniocotes 33 

Burnett's  Goniocotes 34 

Goniocotes  of  the  Pheasant 34 

The  Chicken  Goniodts 34 

Louse  ot  the  Guinea  Fowl 35 

(2) 


Page. 
Pseudoneuroptera  Mallophaga— Continued. 
Philopterida-— Continued. 

The  Pigeon  Guaiodes 35 

The  little  Pigeou  Gooiodes  35 

Louse  of  the  Turkey 30 

The  Peacock  Goniodes  . 36 

The  Pheasant  Guoiotles   37 

Goniodes  gigas 37 

Lipeurus  of  the  Chicken  and  Pheas- 
ant, etc 37 

Louseof  the  Guinea  Fowl 37 

Louse  of  the  Sheldrake 38 

The  Pigeon  Lipeurus 38 

The  .S<iualid  Duck  Louse 39 

The  Lipeurus  of  the  Goose 40 

The  Turkey  Louse 40 

The  Variable  Chickeo-Loose 41 

The  White  .Swan-Louse 42 

The  Louse  of  the  Cat  42 

The  Biting  Louse  of  the  Dog 43 

The  L^iuse  of  the  Bear 43 

The  Louse  of  the  Lhiuia 44 

The  Louse  of  the  Goat  44 

The  Louse  of  the  Sheep 45 

The  Biting  Lice  of  Horses,  Mulea. 

Asies,  etc  45 

Biting  Lice  of  Cattle 47 

Liotheida- 48 

Louse  of  the  Dove 48 

The  common  Uen-Lousc 4S 

The  Pheasant  Meuopun 60 

The  Peacock  Louse 50 

Louse  of  the  Guinea  Hen SO 

Louse  of  Ducks  51 

Louse  of  the  Goofie  and  Swan 51 

Louse  of  the  Goose 52 

The  Pigeon  Louse 52 

The  Swan  Louse 52 

Louse  of  the  Guinea  Pig S3 

Louse  of  the  Pocket  Gopher 54 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 
Washington,  D.  C,  November  28,  1890. 
Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  for  piiblicatiou  Bulletin  No.  7,  on 
the  Pediculi  and  ^lallophaga  affecting  man  and  the  lower  animals,  bj' 
Prof.  Herbert  Osboru,  the  Iowa  agent  of  the  Division. 

In  explanation  of  the  numbering  of  this  bulletin  it  is  necessary  to 
state  that  Bulletin  No.  7  was  originally  intended  to  cover  a  monograph 
by  myself  of  the  genus  Acrouycta,  a  genus  of  Noctuidai  popularly 
known  as  "daggers,"  and  the  larvfe  of  which  are,  many  of  them,  quite 
destructive  to  forest  trees.  The  manuscript  and  figures  of  this  mono- 
graph have  been,  for  the  most  part,  prepared  for  several  years,  and  I 
have  hoped  each  year  to  be  able  to  put  them  in  the  printer's  bands ; 
but  more  urgent  divisional  work  has  caused  continued  postponement, 
and  in  order  to  avoid  the  hiatus  which  the  delaj'  has  caused  in  the 
series  of  special  bulletins  I  have  deemed  it  best  to  call  the  present  bul- 
letin No.  7. 

Respectfully, 

C.  V.  ElLEY, 

IJ7itomologist. 
Hon.  J.  M.  Rusk, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 


INTRODUCTORY    NOTE. 

The  matter  iucluded  in  the  following  pages  was  written  to  form  part 
of  a  report  upon  the  insects  affecting  vertebrate  animals,  which  was 
begun  as  a  conjoint  work  by  Dr.  lliley  and  myself. 

Various  circumstances  having  delayed  the  comi)letion  of  the  report, 
Dr.  Riley  has  requested  that  this  portion  be  put  in  print  under  my  sig- 
nature. 

The  publication  of  this  portion  singly  makes  me  responsible  for  the 
matter  presented,  but  I  wish  to  acknowledge  the  many  favors  received 
from  Dr.  Riley  which  have  facilitated  the  work  and  made  it  certainly 
better  than  it  could  otherwise  have  been. 

The  figures  have  in  most  cases  been  sketched  by  the  author  and 
finished  under  Dr.  Riley's  supervision  by  Miss  Lillie  Sullivan.  A  cer- 
tain number  have  been  copied  from  other  works,  and  these  will  be  found 
duly  credited  in  their  place. 

Herbert  Osborn. 

Washington,  D.  C, 

July  8,  1890, 

5 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2013 


http://archive.org/details/mallophaOOusde 


ORDER  HEMIPTERA. 


SUBORDER  PARASITA. 

This  group  includes  the  suctorial  lice,  confined  to  mammals;  they 
are  strictly  parasitic  insects,  being  confined  to  their  hosts  constantly,^ 
and  deriving  all  their  nourishment  from  them.  They  are  wingless,  and 
the  mouth  parts  consist  of  a  tubular  suctorial  organ. 

This  suborder  contains  but  two  families,  the  first  of  which,  the 
Po/yotof(V?(^r,  contains,  so  far  as  known,  but  two  species, 
both  of  which  are  confined  to  bats,  one  in  Jamaica  and 
the  other  in  China.  These  do  not  properly  fall  within 
the  ])rovince  of  this  ])aper,  and  it  will  not  be  neces- 
sary to  give  them  further  consideration. 

FAMILY  PEDICULID^— THE  SUCTORIAL  LICE. 

This  family  includes  nearly  all  the  species  of  the 
suborder  and  all  that  come  within  the  limits  of  this 
paper. 

We  need  only  add  to  the  character  above  given  the 
short  rostrum  without  joint  and  the  tarsi  adapted  to 
clasping  and  holding  to  hairs. 

The  eggs,  "  nits,"  are  attached  to  hairs  by  a  glue- 
like substance,  and  the  young  lice  when  hatched  re- 
semble the  adults  except  in  size.  As  the  entire  life 
of  the  jiarasite  is  passed  upon  the  same  animal  or  on 
another  animal  of  the  same  kind,  its  range  of  habit 
is  easily  stated. 

But  very  few  of  the  species  are  ever  found  upon 
anj-  other  species  of  animal  than  that  which  they 
normally  infest,  and  if  so  always  upon  very  nearly 
related  species.  Whether  this  is  due  to  differences 
in  the  thickness  of  the  skin,  of  temperature,  of  the 
size  of  the  hair  to  which  they  must  adhere  and  to 
which  their  feet  are  adapted,  or  to  some  subtle  dif- 
ference in  the  odor  or  taste  peculiar  to  their  partic- 
ular host  which  leads  them  to  discard  all  others,  we 
are  unable  to  say. 

The  mouth  parts  are  necessarily  capable  of  great  PedTcuilrvesZlniH^'lhow- 
extension  in  order  to  reach  the  blood  of  their  hosts.  '°ff  rostrum  and  extensile 
Uhler  says  (Standard  Nat.  Hist.,  li,  p.  209):  a^ '"''^-^^^^'^ '^°^«^^*'^- 
fleshy  uujointed  rostrum,  capable  of  great  extension  by  being  rolled  in- 

7 


8 

side  out,  tbis  action  serving  to  bring  forward  a  cbaplet  of  barbs  which 
iiiibc'd  theiiiKclves  in  tlic  skin  to  give  a  tiiin  hold  for  the  pciietratiug 
bristles,  arranged  as  chitinous  strijis  in  a  long,  slender,  llexible  tube, 
t<^riuinated  by  four  very  uinute  lobes,  which  i)robe  to  the  capillary  vessels 
of  a  sweat  pore  (see  Fig.  1).  Tin-  blood  being  once  reached  a  current  is 
maintained  by  the  pulsations  ol  the  iiuuji>ing  ventricleaud  the  peristaltic 
movements  of  the  stomach." 

The  species  infesting  man  are  so  nearly  related  to  the  others  that  we 
can  not  well  pass  tliem  liy  witlioiit  notice. 


THE   CKAIi  LOUSE. 

{Phthirius  inguinalis  Leach.) 

If  we  may  depend  upon  ancient  writers  this  species  has  been  a  long 
coini)anion  of  man.  According  to  Denny  it  is  recorded  by  Qerodotus, 
and  according  to  Piaget  was  leferred  to  in  the  writings  of  Aristotle. 
Some  of  the  ancient  accounts  treat  of  it  as  occurring  in  the  most  pro- 
digious numbers  and  causing  most  serious  ailments  to  the  infested 
l)arties.  The  disease  jtroduced  gained  the  name  of  Phtliiriasin,  though 
doubtless  this  term  has  been  applied  also  to  the  attacks  of  the  other 
species  of  parasites  infesting  man. 

Its  attacks  are  said  to  be  more  severe  than  those  of  the  other  forms 
of  lice,  though  it  is  quite  i)robable  that  in  the  worst  cases  reported  the 
different  species  have  been  jiiesent,  since  the  conditions  favoring  the 
increase  of  one  will  favor  also  the  others.  The  reports,  especially  of 
the  earlier  writers,  have  many  of  them  doubtless  been  subject  to  great 
exaggeration,  for  while  the  normal  rate  of  increase  will  account  for  the 
sudden  appearance  and  rai)id  multiplication  of  the  lice  under  certain 
conditions,  it  is  not  equal  to  the  marvelous  stories  which  are  to  be  met 
with  even  in  some  works  that  lay  claim  to  accuracy. 

The  ciab  louse  infests  particularly  the 
I)ul>ic  regions,  but  occurs  also  among  the 
still'  hairs  under  the  arms,  in  the  l>eard,  aud 
it  is  said  also  among  the  hairs  of  the  eye- 
brows. It  does  uot  live  in  the  fine  hair  of 
the  head. 

It  is  very  distinct  from  the  other  species, 
the  body  being   nearly  as  wide  as  long, 
',v      /    ,  A^  while  the  strong  legs  spreading  out  later- 

TiG  2.  rhthiriu4 i„!,uinai„         ally   Very    greatly    increase  its  apparent 
(Aficr  DiDuy  from  Murray)  width  aud  gives  it  the  fomi  of  a  crab  in  min- 

iature, thus  winning  for  it  the  name  of  crab  louse.  It  is  of  a  whitish 
color,  with  a  dusky  patch  on  each  shoulder,  and  with  the  legs  slightly 
tinged  with  reddish,  the  claws  having  this  color  more  pronounced.  It 
is  nearlv  one-tenth  of  an  inch  in  length. 


The  remedies  adopted  for  tbe  head  louse  are  applicable  to  tl)is  spe- 
cies, though  it  is  said  they  are  less  effectual  and  nnist  be  persisted  iu 
more  vigorously,    lied  precipitate  is  probably  most  frequeutlj'  used. 

THE   UEAD   LOUSE. 

(Pedhulus  capitis  De  Geer.) 

This  louse  has  been  recognized  under  one  name  or  another  as  far  back 
as  we  have  history.  While  very  generally  confused  with  the  following 
species  it  is  probably  the  one  mostcommonly  known,  though  perhaps  not 
tlie  one  which  has  caused  the  greatest  amount  of  annoyance  or  that  has 
occurred  in  the  greatest  numbers.  The  two  si)ecies  were  not  clearly 
defined  till  comparatively  recent  times. 

Elaborate  writings  upon  the  louse  were  given  by  Swammerdam,  Leeu- 
weuhoek  (1G93),  and  descriptions  of  it  by  Redi,  DeGeer, 
Linn6,  Geoft'roy,  P.urmeister,  Leach,  and  others,  besides  in- 
numerable brief  mentions  and  a  goodly  number  of  elabor- 
ate memoirs  upon  its  embryology,  etc.  In  later  days,  while 
a  most  annoying  pest,  it  does  not  appear  to  have  caused 
such  serious  results  as  the  body  louse  or  the  crab  louse. 

It  is  confined  to  the  fine  hair  of  the  head,  rarely  occur- 
ring on  other  parts  of  the  body. 

The  eggs  (nits)  are  white  and  glued  to  the  hair  at  some 
distance  from  the  head,  an«l  are  most  abuudaut,  we  have     F\G.3.-Pedicuius 
observed,  back  of  tlie  ears.     When  numerous  they  form       capitis     (after 

,  .       ,  mi  1     '     1  •  Packanl). 

quite  conspicuous  objects.  The  young  upon  hatching 
from  these  resemble  the  adults,  except  in  size  and  in  being  less  dis- 
tinctly marked.  The  i)roportions  of  the  body  are  also  somewhat  differ- 
ent, the  abdomen  being  smaller  than  after  it  has  become  enlarged  by  a 
steady  diet  upon  human  blood.  The  full  grown  lice  are  whitish,  with 
faint  dark  markings  at  the  sides  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen.  The 
last  segment  of  the  abdomen  in  the  female  is  bilobed. 

Murray  has  shown  that  the  different  races  of  man  harbor  different 
varieties  of  this  species  of  louse,  the  difference  iu  the  varieties  being  par- 
ticularly m  color  and  in  the  form  of  the  claws.  In  color  they  differ  from 
the  nearly  white  infesting  Europeans  to  the  black  infesting  the  African. 

The  claws  differ  somewhat  in  proportions  and  Murray  thinks  these 
differences  constant,  but  they  can  at  most  be  considered  only  as  varietal 
diff'erences. 

Remedies  are  white  precipitate,  sulphur  ointment,  and  especially 
cleanliness. 

THE    BODY   LOUSE. 

{Pedieidus  vestimenti  Leach.) 

As  with  the  preceding  species  the  history  of  this  parasite  is  lost  in 
antiquity,  and  most  of  the  early  accounts  failed  to  indicate  any  differ- 


lu 


Fig.  4.  Pediculut    vttti- 
menti  (after  Dcnuy). 


ence  in  the  two  forms.     In  tin*  works  of  DeGeer,  Leach,  Denny,  and 
others  they  are  (listinjfuished  and  well  characterized. 

This  form  is  most  common  where  opportunities 
for  jjood  sanitation  are  wanting',  as  in  armies, prisons, 
and  all  places  where  attention  to  bodily  cleanliness 
from  choice  or  necessity  is  neglected. 

It  is  not  known  to  infest  other  animals,  thon<jh  we 
have  seen  specimens  that  were  said  to  have  been 
taken  from  cattle. 

Until  fully  grown  there  is  not  much  diflerenee  to 
be  noted  in  the  appearance  of  this  and  the  preceding 
species,  though  the  markings  at  the  sides  are  less 
distinct.  In  the  adult  forms,  however,  the  dorsal 
surface  is  marked  with  dark  transverse  bands. 

The  insect  secretes  itself  in  the  folds  of  the  cloth- 
ing, only  penetrating  the  skin  when  in  want  of  food. 
The  long,  slender  sucking  tube,  by  means  of  which  it  reaches  the  small 
blood  vessels  near  the  surface,  is  shown  fully  extended  in  Fig.  1. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  in  folds  of  the  clothing,  and,  according  to  the 
estimates  of  Leeuwenhoek,  a  single  adult  female  may  have  a  progeny  of 
5,000  in  8  weeks,  and  he  adds  that  in  the  heat  of  summer  this  estimate 
might  be  very  greatly  exceeded.  This  will  readily  account  for  all  the 
authentic  accounts  of  sudden  and  numerous  appearances  ot  this  i)est. 
A  ready  means  of  combating  this  pest  is  to  thoroughly  bake  the 
clothing  infested  with  it,  or,  to  be  fully  as  effectual  with  less  heat,  this 
might  be  accomi)anied  by  fumigation  with  sulphur  or  tobacco  smoke. 
A  repetition  of  this  ])rocess  two  or  three  times  at  intervals  of  a  few  days, 
along  with  strict  personal  cleanliness,  should  overcome  the  most  serious 
attack. 

Alt  describes,  under  the  name  of  Pediculus  iabcscantium.  the  louse, 
which  he  considered  as  the  cause  of  i)hthiriasis,  but  later  authorities 
consider  this  as  simply  the  vcstimcnii  present  in  aggravated  numbers. 
Properly  speaking,  this  affection  should  be  termed  Peiliculosis,  and  the 
term  i)hthiriasis  reserved  for  the  attacks  of  Phthirius  inyuinalis. 


LOUSE   OF   THE  APE. 


{Pediculus  comohrinus  Piaget.) 

Closely  related  to  the  human  lice  is  a  species  described  by  Piaget 
occurring  upon  the  Ateles  ape  {Ateles  pcnta(la<t;/}u.s).  It  resembles  es- 
pecially the  Pediculus  capitis,  but  presents  some  differences  in  form  of 
head  and  structure  of  abdominal  appendages  which  have  led  this  author 
to  establish  the  separate  species.  It  apjiears  to  dift'er  less,  in  general 
appearance,  from  typical  capitis  than  the  varieties  of  cajjitis  occurring 
on  different  races  differ  among  themselves. 


11 


Thon<,'U  there  is  considerable  diflfereiice  in  the  drawings,  this  is  prob- 
ably the  same  species  as  tijjured  by  Murray  (Economic  Entomology,  p. 
J89)  under  the  name  of  rediculuti  (juadrumanus  and  said  to  be  taken  from 
the  Ateles  ape. 

LICE    INFESTING   THE  MONKEY. 

{Pedicinus  sp.) 

Three  species  of  lice  are  found  upon  monkeys,  all  being  generically 
iistinct  from  those  infesting  other  animals.  They  form  the  genus  Fedi- 
riuti.s,  the  most  essential  character  of  which  is  the  presence  of  but  three 
oiuts  in  the  antennae. 

The  species  are  the  Pedicinus  eurygaster  Gervais,  which  occurs  upon 
he  Macaques,  .1/«6'«CMS  yiemestrimis,  cynomolgus,  a:ud  radiatus,accoT(\\ug 
]0  Piaget,  and  Macaciis  sinicus,  according  to  Giebel ;  Pedicinus  longiceps 
Piaget,  occurring  according  to  its  author  upon  the  ^[acacus  cynomolgus 
uid  the  iSemnopithccns  pniinosits ;  the  Fed icimis  hreviceps  Piaget,  infest- 
ug  the  Cercopithecus  monas. 

Aside  from  these  species  of  Pedicinus,  Gervais  describes  a  species  of 
Hwinniopinns,  H.  ohtusus,  from  the  Semnopitheciis  maurus. 

The  abundance  of  these  vermin  upon  monkeys  can  be  attested  by  all 
visitors  of  zoological  gardens  or  menageries,  and  the  ready  means 
idopted  by  tlie  hosts  for  their  subjugation  are  equally  familiar — a 
nethod  of  destruction  which,  by  the  way,  is  said  to  be  adopted  by  many 
;ribes  of  inferior  races  belonging  to  the  human  species. 

THE   SUCKING   DOG-LOUSE. 

(Hcematopiniis  piliferus  Burmeister.) 

Although  the  dog  has  been  tlie  closest  companion  of  man  among  the 
lomestic  animals  from  very  early  times,  and  consequently  this  parasite 
M  all  ])robai'ility  well  known  to  keepers  of  dogs,it  was  not  technically 
iescribed  until  about  the  year  1838, 

It  does  not  appear  to  have  been  a  very  numerous  or  injurious  i)ara- 
5it(',  api)arently  much  less  so  than  the  Trichodectes 
at  IIS  infesting  the  same  animal,  and  less  annoying 
[than  cither  ticks  or  fleas.  Denny  says  (Monog.Anop. 
Brit.,  p.  29),  "I  have  found  it  upon  dogs  two  or 
three  times,  but  it  is  by  no  means  of  common  occur- 
remte."  We  have  examined  many  dogs  in  quest  of 
it.  but  only  a  single  specimen  so  far  has  been  our  re- 
jward.  Denny  says  (loc.  cit.),  "  I  also  received 
specimens  from  the  ferret."'  It  can  hardly  be  in- 
ferred, however,  tl  at  this  animal  is  consequently  a 
normal  host  for  the  species,  as  such  an  instance 
inijiht  occur  entirely  from  accident,  the  louse  having 
been  transferred  from  some  dog  to  a  ferret  asso-  fig.  o.  —  Bcematopinug 
plated  with  it.  ^'"^''■"*-  '°"°''»"'> 


12 

This  species  is  somewhat  smaller  than  the  lice  infesting  most  of  th 
larger  mammals,  the  full-grown  individuals  being  nearly  one-tenth  o 
an  iM(;li  long.  It  i.s  described  generally  as  of  a  light-red  or  ashy  flesl 
color,  but  evidently  varies  as  the  other  species,  according  to  couditioi 
of  the  body  as  well  as  age  of  specimens.  In  preserved  si)ecimeu6  thes< 
colors  become  lighter,  assuming  a  yellowish  hue,  the  alxlomen,  excep 
where  darkened  by  the  intestine  and  its  contents,  appearing  a  shadt 
lighter  than  the  front  part  of  the  body.  The  abdomen  is  thickly  cov 
ered  with  Hue  hairs  and  minute  warty  eminences,  these  latter  when  mag 
nihed  al>(>ut  300  diameters  appearing  like  the  scales  of  a  lizard  or  tish 

Specimens  from  different  breeds  of  dogs  do  not  apjjear  to  have  beei. 
noticed  as  different,  though  a  form  described  as  II.  hicolor  by  Lucas 
may  perhaps  be  found  to  present  race  characteristics. 

xni:  Lot  SE  OF  the  (;amel. 
{Ilamatopinus  caineli  Iledi.) 

We  follow  Giebel  and  Piaget  in  admitting  this  species,  though  it 
does  not  appear'  to  have  been  observed  by  any  modern  naturalist. 

Piaget  says  (Les  Pedic,  p.  G44) :  "  La  figure  que  douue  Redi,  le  seul 
qui  aitobservd  cette  espece,  se  rapproche  beaucoup  de  celle  de  I'MriM*." 

LICE   INFESTING   THE   GIRAFFE,    DEEK,    AND   ANTELOPE. 

(Hcvmatopinus  sp.) 

Closely  related  to  the  lice  infesting  the  other  hoofed  quadrupeds  are 
the  lice  infesting  respectively  the  giraffe,  deer,  and  antelope.  The 
species  infesting  the  giraffe  [CainclopurdaVts  (jirnffa)  was  described  by 
Giebel  uuder  the  uame  Hivmatopinus  hreticornis ;  that  iufesting  tl 
deer  was  first  mentioned  by  Redi  and  described  and  nametl  by 
Nitzsch  as  Ha'Diatopiniis  cra-ssiconiift  ;  it  is  recorded  from  the  red  deer 
(Cervuselaphus).  The  Ha'tnatopinuii  tibialis  Piaget, from  Antilopa  maori. 
is,  according  to  its  author,  represented  by  varieties  on  the  Antilopa  sji. 
and  the  Antilopa  suhcuttiirosa,  and  he  considers  it  possible  that  the  H. 
cervicaprw  Lucas,  from  Antilopa  cervicapra,  is  also  a  variety  of  this 
same  species. 

THE  SUCKLNG  LOUSE  OF  THE  GOAT. 

{Ila-inatopinus  stenopxis  Burmeister.) 

We  have  no  record  of  this  si)ecies  having  been  observed  in  this  coun- 
try, and  judging  by  the  references  to  it  in  standard  works  it  must  be  of 
rather  rare  occurrence  in  countries  where  these  animals  are  kept  in 
greater  abundance  than  here. 

The  species  is  not,  so  far  as  at  i)resent  known,  transmissible  to  any  i 
other  domestic  animal,  and  if  ever  becomiug  abundant  will  doubtless 


13 

yield  to  the  treatment  used  for  the  other  species,  though  the  long  hair 
would  make  some  of  them  more  ditliciilt  of  application.  On  this  account 
t  fumigation  where  possible  would  seem  to  be  most  i)racticable. 

THE    SHORT-NOSED    OX-LOUSE. 

{II(cmato2)iiuis  curysternus,  Nitzsch.) 

This  is  the  species  that  has  probably  been  familiar  from  early  time 
as  the  louse  infesting  cattle,  though  since  this  species  and  the  following 
one  have  been  generally  confused,  it  is  impossible  to  say  which  has 
been  most  common.  It  was  hrst  accurately  described  by  Nitzsch  under 
theummeof  Pediculus  euri/sternus^in  1818  (Germar's  Mag.,  vol.  iii,  p. 305), 
and  has  received  mention  in  every  important  treatise  on  parasites  since 
that  date,  as  well  as  innumerable  notices  under  the  head  of  animal 
parasites,  cattle  lice,  etc.  As  with  other  species,  the  disease  produced 
has  been  termed  phthiriasis,  and  as  treated  by  Kollar  and  other  writers 
it  has  been  recognized  as  a  most  serious  pest  and  numerous  remedies 
tried  for  its  suppression. 

Since  it  has  been  very  generally  confused  with  the  following  species 
we  shall  give  more  particular  description  and  show  as  clearly  as  possi- 
ble how  to  distingush  them.  The  following  quotation  from  Mr.  C.  W. 
Tenney  (in  Iowa  Homestead  for  August  IS,  1882)  will  show  that  this 
ditference  is  not  without  interest  or  value  as  viewed  by  a  i)ractical 
breeder :  "  Then  there  is  a  blue  slate-colored  louse  and  a  larger  one  of 
the  same  color  that  vary  somewhat  in  their  habits,  and  the  last-men- 
tioned is  the  hardest  to  dislodge.''  Evidently  it  is  the  species  under 
discussion  to  which  Mr.  Tenney  refers  as  the  "larger  one."  It  infests 
particularly  the  neck  and  shoulders,  and  these  parts  are  frequently 
worn  bare  by  the  efforts  of  the  animal  to  rid  itself  of  the  irritation  pro- 
duced by  these  unwelcome  visitors.  Still,  some  cattlemen  say  that 
these  parasites  are  of  no  consequence,  and  that  they  never  pay  any 
attention  to  them. 

The  full-grown  females  are  about  one-eighth  to  one-fifth  of  an  inch 
long,  and  fully  half  that  in  width,  while  the  males  are  a  little  smaller 
and  proportionately  a  little  narrower.  Aside  from  the  difference  in 
size  the  sexes  differ  very  decidedly  in  the  markings  and  structural  fea- 
tures upon  the  under  side  of  the  body.  The  males  have  a  broad  black 
strii)e  running  forward  from  the  end  of  the  body  to  near  the  middle  of 
the  abdomen,  as  shown  in  Fig.  6c. 

The  females  have  no  indications  of  this  stripe,  but  the  black  broken 
band  of  the  upper  side  of  the  terminal  segment  extends  slightly 
around  on  the  under  side.  The  most  important  character,  however,  is 
the  presence  of  two  little  brush-like  organs  on  the  next  to  the  last  seg- 
ment, as  shown  in  Fig.  6d. 

The  head  is  bluntly  rounded  in  front,  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  and 
with  the  antenuje  situated  at  the  sides  midway  from  the  posterior  to  the 


14 

anterior  borders  ;  behind  these  are  located  slight  eminences  upon  which 
may  be  found  the  small  eyes,  which  are  seen  with  considerable  difliculty. 
At  the  froDt  of  the  head  may  be  seen  the  small  lostriim  or  beak,  the 
end  of  which  is  usually  at  or  near  the  surface,  but  which  is  capable  ol 
extension  and  retraction.  The  end  of  this  beak  is  armed  with  a  double 
row  of  recurved  hooks  (see  Fig.  6h).    The  function  of  these  hooks  is 


Fig.  C. — Hfriiiatopinut  fiirytUmtu:  a.  frmale;  6,  rostrum  ;  r,  ventral  »nr- 
face  last  Sf^juieuCsof  iiisle  :  d.  feuale  ;  e.  rgg  ;  /,  gurfacti  of  ejij;  jirratlv 
eoiarged.     (Orij^ioal.) 

doubtless  to  fasten  the  beak  firmly  into  the  skin  of  tiie  host,  while  the 
true  puminng  organ  must  consist,  as  in  the  PedUuU.  of  a  slender  jtien- 
ing  tube,  though  we  can  see  only  slight  indications  of  this  tube  within 
the  head,  and  we  have  not  seen  it  nor  do  we  find  any  record  of  its  ha\  - 
ing  been  seen  fully  extended  in  this  species.  Professor  llarker  says  . 
the  rostrum  can  be  pushed  out,  but  his  figure  shows  only  the  basal  por-j 
tion  with  the  crown  of  hooks  and  nothing  of  the  tubular  parts  inclosed 
within. 

The  thorax  is  wider  than  long  and  widest  at  the  posterior  margin 
where  it  joins  the  abdomen.     The  legs  jiroject  from  the  side,  are  Jung  j 
and  stout,  and  especially  adapted  to  clasping  and  clinging  to  the  hair. 
An  extra  provision  for  this  i)urpose  consists  of  a  double  plate  having, 
fine  transverse  ridges  in  the  basal  joint  of  the  tarsus.     This  structurej 
api>ears  to  have  been  first  described  by  Professor  Uarker  (Agricnlturalj 
Students'  Gazette,  vol.  i.  p.  KJlM.     The  abdomen  ditters  greatly  in  form 
and  size,  according  to  the  tlegree  of  distention,  which  accounts  fortlie 
discrepancies  in  the  dill'erent  figures  of  tlii.-^  species.     It  may  l>e  called 
tiask-shaped  and  more  or  less  tiattened  according  to  the  amount  of  mat- 
ter contained  in  it.     There  is  a  row  of  horny  tubercles  along  each  side 
and  a  row  of  chitinous   plates  along  each  side  of  the  upper  surface  of 
the  abdomen.    The  spiracles  are  located  in  the  tubercles  at  the  sides, 
and  there  is  one  to  each  of  the  last  six  segments  omitting  the  termin; 
one.     In  color  there  is  some  variation,  as  would  be  surmised  from 
comparison  of  descriptions  l)y  difterent  authors.     The   general  colo 


15 

of  the  bead  and  thorax  is  a  light  brown  approaching  to  yellowish, 
with  touches  of  bright  chestnut  on  the  head  and  legs  and  margins  of 
the  thorax,  also  touches  of  dark  brown  on  these  parts,  more  particu- 
larl}'  on  the  dorsal  portion  of  the  thorax.  The  abdomen  in  fresh  speci- 
mens has  a  general  bluish  aspect,  not  so  noticeable  in  preserved  spec- 
imens, besides  its  color  depends  evidently  in  large  degree  upon  its  con- 
tents. Denny  says  "  grayish- white  or  ochraceous  gray,"  which  would 
apply  well  to  preserved  specimens,  but  his  plate  shows  it  a  blue-gray. 
Barker  says  brownish  gray.  It  appears  to  us  that  the  term  used  by  Mr. 
Tenuey,  blue  slate-colored,  comes  quite  as  near  describing  the  average 
appearance  as  any  that  we  have  seen.  The  tubercles  at  the  side  of  the 
abdomen  and  the  chitinous  plates  are  chestnut-colored,  while  the  most 
of  the  upper  surface  of  the  terminal  segment  in  the  female  and  the  ven- 
tral stripe  in  the  male  are  black. 

The  females  dei)osit  their  eggs  on  the  hair,  attaching  them  very  near 
the  skin.  Fig.  G,  e  represents  one  of  the  eggs,  showing  its  attachment 
to  the  hair  and  the  distance  from  the  root  of  the  hair  in  the  specimen 
drawn.  The  adhesive  substance  evidently  invests  the  ^gg  during 
oviposition  and  is  touched  to  the  hair,  the  egg  then  slightly  drawn 
along  so  as  to  leave  th  e  glue-like  mass  to  form  a  firm  union  around  the 
hair  and  to  the  egg.  The  egg  is  elongate-oval,  tapering  at  the  lower 
end,  and  having  a  cap-like  covering  at  the  upper  end.  The  surface  is 
set  with  very  minute  points  just  visible  under  an  inch  objective,  but 
showing  clearly  with  a  power  of  300  diameters.  At  the  surface  no  con- 
nection is  to  be  seen  between  different  points,  but  focusing  a  little  below 
the  surface  brings  into  view  what  appear  to  be  minute  threads  or  chan- 
nels running  from  i)oint  to  point  and  giving  a  reticulate  appearance  to 
theeggshell.  The  points  can  not  correspond  to  thecircular  bodiesrepre- 
sented  in  Denny's  figure  (E,  Plate  XXV,  Monog.  Anop,  Brit.)  which  have 
much  more  the  appearance  of  protoplasmic  granules  of  the  ^gg  contents. 
The  shape  of  the  ^gg  in  his  figure  is  also  entirely'  different  from  that  of 
the  specimen  from  which  our  figure  is  drawn. 

The  young  louse  escapes  from  the  outer  or  unattached  end,  whether 
by  i)ushiug  oft'  the  cap-like  portion  or  by  simply  pushing  through  this 
portion  which  appears  to  be  thinner  than  the  rest  and  may  be  simply 
membranous,  is  not,  so  far  as  we  know,  determined.  Xo  marked 
changes,  except  in  size  and  the  development  of  the  chitinous  patches, 
occur  from  hatching  to  maturity. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  ditticult  parasites  to  destroy,  and  once  settled 
upon  an  animal  should  receive  prompt  and  thorough  treatment.  The 
main  reliance  of  veterinarians  seems  to  be  stavesacre,  and  this  can 
doubtless  be  depended  upon  to  accomplish  the  desired  end.  Mr.  Tenuey 
recommends  the  seed  of  common  larkspur  steeped,  and  the  animal 
thoroughly  washed  with  the  liquid.  He  says:  "  I  have  known  one  ap- 
plication to  destroy  every  insect  and  ^gg:,  two  will  suffice  if  done 
thoroughly.*'    Of  course  this  and  the  stavesacre  are  nearly  identical, 


16 

both  plants  l)elongiug  to  the  genus  Delphinium.  "Washes  of  carbolic 
acid  soap  or  of  tobacco  infusion  are  also  effectual,  but  washes  of  any 
kind  are  ofcour.se  illy  adaptctl  to  use  in  midwinter,  the  time  when  there 
is  fre(pK*ntly  most  necessity  for  treatment.  Mercurial  ointment,  sulphur, 
or  tobacco  smoke,  kerosene  and  lard,  or  kerosene  emulsion,  road  dust, 
ashes,  etc.,  may  be  resorted  to,  according  to  the  circumstances.  In- 
fested anitnals  should,  if  po.ssible,  be  place<l  apart  from  the  others,  and 
much  trouble  may  be  saved  by  this  precaution. 

Experiments  with  fumigation  have  shown  this  to  be  a  method  avail- 
able when  other  plans  are  undesirable,  though  from  the  ecpiipment 
necessary,  and  the  fact  that  it  requires  some  time  in  application,  it 
maj'  not  prove  of  as  general  service  as  the  washes. 

The  method  may  be  said  inbrieftoconsist  ofa  tightbox  stall  just  large 
enough  to  admit  the  largest  animals  to  be  treated,  one  end  having  a 
close-fitting  door  to  admit  the  animal,  the  opposite  end  a  stanchion  in 
which  the  animal  is  fastened,  and  covering  the  open  part  of  this 
end,  and  made  to  fit  tightly  around  the  head  just  in  front  of  the  horns, 
is  a  canvas  sack  open  at  both  ends,  the  inner  one  nailed  to  the  stall  and 
the  outer  with  a  running  cord  to  draw  it  down  to  the  animal's  head,  thus 
leaving  the  eyes  and  no.se  in  open  air.  An  oi)ening  at  the  bottom  of 
one  sule  admits  the  fumigating  substance,  sulphur  or  tobacco,  the  lat- 
ter apparently  the  most  effective.  In  burning  this  we  used  a  wire 
screen  to  spread  the  tobacco,  placing  this  over  a  tin  trough  containing 
a  small  quantity  of  alcohol.  It  should  be  burnt,  however,  with  coals  or 
by  using  a  small  quantity  of  kerosene.  The  time  of  exposure  necessary 
will  vary  some  witli  the  strength  of  fumes,  but  one  to  two  ounces  of 
tobacco  and  ex])osure  of  L'O  to  30  minutes  was  found  effective.  Pyre- 
thrum  might  be  better  even  than  tobacco. 

This  species  has  been  said  to  occur  also  on  horses,  but  if  this  is  the 
case  it  must  be  in  rare  instances,  and  there  need  be  little  apprehension 
of  horses  becoming  infected  with  it  by  transmission  from  cattle  with 
which  they  may  be  associated. 

THE   LONG-NOSED   OX- LOUSE. 

{ITccmatopinus  vituli  'L'mn.  =  tenuirostris  Burmeister.) 

In  connection  with  the  preceding  species  this  louse,  as  already  stated, 
has  long  been  familiar  to  cattlemen  ;  it  has  also  been  known  to  ento- 
mologists for  a  considerable  time,  but  its  history  from  the  entomological 
side  is  not  entirely  clear.  It  seems  to  have  been  first  technically  de- 
scribed by  Linna'us  under  the  uainv  of  retliculus  ritnli,  which  name  has 
been  followed  by  Fabricius,  Uerkenhout,  Stuart,  and  Turton,  and,  with 
the  exception  of  the  change  in  the  generic  name,  by  Stephens,  Denny, 
and  English  and  American  authors  generally.     Nitzsch  described  it 


17 


under  the  nume  of  PedicJtliis  oxyrhyndnis,  which  name  was  Latinized  by 
Buniu'ister  to  tenuirostris.  This  dosignatiou  has  been  followed  by 
Giebel  and  ria<jet,  but  why  the  earlier  name  of  Linna'us  was  dropped 
we  fail  to  discover.  It  seems  more  proper  to  retain  the  name  giveu  by 
Linnieus. 

Denny  describes  and  figures  the  species  and  says  that  it  has  been 
found  only  on  tlio  calf.  Giebel  also  figures  and  describes  it,  giving  a 
very  characteristic  figure,  though  deficient  in  some  details.  Piaget 
admits  the  species  provisionallv,  but  questions  it  being  separable  from 
eurysteynus  from  the  fact  that  descriptions  have  been  based  only  on 
female  specimens  or  on  those  in  which  the  sex  was  not  distinguished, 
and  he  seems  to  think  it  probable  that  immature  specimens  of  eurys- 
ternus  may  have  furnished  the  basis  for  this  form.* 

From  material  in  hand  there  can  be  no  question  whatever  as  to  there 
being  a  distinct  form  corresponding  with  the  descriptions  above  cited, 
and  while  there  are  some  details  still  to  be  cleared  up  we  i)ropose  to 
show  as  fully  as  possible  the  differences.  While  our  material  does  not 
include  any  specimen  that  can  be  recognized  as  a  male,  it  does  include 
enough  specimens  of  the  early  stages  and  females  of  both  this  species 
and  the  euryHternus  to  entirely  set  at  rest  any  question  as  to  immature 
forms  of  eurysternus  having  been  described  as  vituli  or  tenuirostris. 

In  this  species  the  body  is  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long  and  not 
more  than  one  third  of  that  in  width  (see  Fig, 
7).  The  head  is  long  and  slender,  the  anten 
na?  set  near  the  middle  each  side ;  there  is 
but  a  very  slight  i)rotuberance  behind  the 
antenn.e  and  no  eyes  visible.  The  head  sets 
well  back  into  the  thorax,  forming  an  acute 
angle  behind  ;  the  thorax  is  longer  than  wide, 
and  has  a  distinctly  showing  spiracle  above 
the  second  pair  of  legs ;  the  abdomen  is  elon- 
gate, without  chitiuous  plates  and  devoid  of 
ixuy  tubercles  along  the  sides ;  the  terminal 
segment  is  also  devoid  of  black  horny  band; 
the  brush-like  organ  on  the  under  side  of  the 
abdomen  (see  Fig.  7)  is  slender,  while  the 
terminal  segment  is  set  with  numerous  rather 
long  hairs. 

In  all  of  these  points  it  will  be  observed  there  is  a  distinct  difference 
from  eurysteruus.  The  brush  like  organ  on  under  surface  of  the  abdo- 
men, common  to  females  of  related  species  and  which  is  wanting  in  young 
specimens  of  all  species,  must  be  taken  as  distinct  evidence  of  the  ma- 

"  Since  the  preparation  of  this  section  an't  the  figures  ilhistrating  the  species  I  have 
seen  the  supplement  to  Piaget's  Les  Pediculines  anil  find  that  he  now  admits  this  as 
a  good  species  and  gives  a  figure  of  the  female,  without,  however,  any  special  derails 
of  structure. 

21122— No.  7 2 


KiG.  '  —Uaiiiatopinus  vituli, 
and  mulii  siirlate  of  l;i.st  soKi-ents 
of  female,  showing  brush-like  or- 
gans.    (Original.) 


•    18 

turity  of  the  specimens.  If,  however,  there  were  any  (loul)t  on  this 
]»()int  11  study  o(  the  \oiin^'  of  ciirystcrnus  givva  equally  conclu.sive  testi- 
mony. In  the  very  younj^cst  eurynttrnuH  we  liave  seen  the  eliitinous 
tubercles  along  the  sides  of  the  abdomen  iuclosiiig  the  spiracles  are 
distinctly  to  be  seen,  while  the  head,  though  longer  proportionately 
than  in  adults,  is  by  no  inians  equal  in  length  to  that  of  adult  rituli. 
A  young  vittili  found,  it  is  true,  associated  with  curysternus  shows  this 
elongation  of  th(!  head  still  more  niarkedly.  In  color  there  is  little  dif- 
ference in  the  two  forms,  this  species  having  rather  duller  colors  ui)on 
tiie  head  and  thorax.  The  abdomen  of  young  sjjecimeus,  when  full  of 
blood,  ai)pears  dark  red,  but  the  bluish-gray  hue  is  more  prominent  in 
adults.  The  eggs  of  this  species  have  not  been  described  and  we  have 
not  had  the  good  fortune  to  discover  them.  The  young  are  even  more 
slender  than  the  adults. 

The  remedies  that  are  available  for  the  [)recediiig  species  will  prove 
eltectual  for  this,  and  it  is  evidently  less  difficult  to  subjugate  than  that 
form. 

THE   BUFFALO   LOUSE, 

{Hccmatopinus  tubcrculatiis  Burm.) 

This  species  was  described  bj'  Burraeister  (Gen.  Ins.)  under  the  name 
of  Pctliculus  tuhcrcuhdus. 

It  is  described  in  Giebel's  Epizoa,  p.  40,  an«l  described  and  figured  by 
Piaget  (Les  Pedic,  p.  GaO,  PI.  o-i,  Fig,  2).  It  is  compared  by  Giebel  with 
the  hog-louse  and  by  Piaget  with  the  //.  eurysienius,  which  from  his 
figure  it  seems  most  nearly  to  resemble.  Accoiding  to  Piaget  this 
species  is  i)robably  identical  with  the  Fediculus  {H.)  })hthiriopsii(o(  Ger- 
vais,  ( A pteres,  111,  .■>()())  from  the  Box  ca/er  and  with  the  rcdivithis  (77.) 
huflali  of  DeGeer  (Mem.,  vii,  GS),  in  whieh  case  the  name  given  by  De- 
Geer  should  be  adopted  for  the  species.  Kudow  (Zeits  f.  tl.  gesNaturw., 
XXXIV,  1G7)  describes  a  species  under  the  name  of  Ihnnatnpinus  punc- 
iatus,  Irom  the  Bos  grtnuiiens,  whieh  possibly  will  be  found  referable  to 
this  same  species. 

Whether  the  same  s])ecies  occurs  on  our  American  bison  is  not 
known,  but  the  unfortunate  extermination  of  this  animal  renders  the 
question,  from  a  practical  standpoint,  of  little  importance.  Lucas  de- 
scribes and  figures  the  species  in  the  Annaies  de  la  Societe  Entom.  de 
France  (ISoli,  ser.  2,  torn,  x,  p.  o31,  PI.  11,  No.  ii)  referring  it  to  the 
species  described  by  Burmeistir  in  1838  in  the  "Genera  Inseetorum." 
Specimens,  he  says,  occurred  in  immense  numbers  on  a  Bos  hubalus  in 
the  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

IIIK    IIOG-LOUSE. 
{Ha'matopinu.s  urius   Nilzseh.) 

Occasionally  this  species  appears  in  formidable  numbers,  since  we 
ofti'u  hear  of  swine  badly  atlected  with  lice,  and  no  other  species  is 
known  to  attack  this  animal. 


19    • 

Giebel  credits  tin's  species  to  Moiifet,  citing  the  Tiieatrum  Iiisector. 
(1034,  2u()),  while  I'iaget  states  tliat  it  is  cited  by  Mouf'eton  the  uutiior- 
ity  of  Albertus  (IV.,  C.  20o),  which  would  carry  its  recognition  back  to 
the  thirteenth  century.  Tiinii;eiis  described  it  under  the  name  of  Fed- 
iculus  suis,  which  name  has  been  most  commonly  followed,  but  NitzscU 
revived  the  name  of  nrius  and  this  name  has  been  followed  by  Giebel 
and  Piaget.  Along  with  otiier  parasites  it  received  frequent  mention 
by  both  early  and  modern  writers.  Denny  speaks  of  it  as  rare  in  Eng- 
land, but  common  in  Ireland,     He  says  (Monog.  Anop.  Brit.,  p.  35) : 

"Tliis  speciesis  found  in  great  numbers  on  swine,  but  it  does  not  ap- 
pear so  generally  spread  as  might  be  expected  from  the  dirty  habits  of 
the  animals.  It  most  frequently  oecurs  OJi  those  fresh  imported  from 
the  sister  isle.  It  was  many  months  before  I  could  obtairi  a  single  ex- 
ample. I  had  applied  to  both  farmers  and  pig  butchers,  neither  of 
whom  seemed  to  approve  of  the  idea  which  I  had  conceived,  that  of 
their  pigs  being  lousy,  but  referred  me  to  those  of  the  Emerald  Isle  as 
beiug  sure  to  gratify  my  wishes  (forgetting,  I  suspect,  that  the  Irish 
pigs  come  to  this  market  to  meet  English  buyers).  I  accordingly  vis- 
ited a  colony  just  arrived,  where  I  most  certainly  met  with  a  ready  sup- 
ply; but  here  they  were  confined  almost  entirely  to  lean  animals,  and 
wherever  I  found  a  \ng  fat  or  healthy  no  game  were  to  be  seen." 

Most  stockbreeders  have  probably  seen  instances  of  its  abundance, 
and  from  the  frequent  mention  of  it  in  the  agricultural  paper's,  it  would 
seem  to  be  quite  common  throughout  the  country,  and  while,  perhaps, 
less  generally  distributed  than  the  ox-louse,  to  multiply  some  times  so 
as  to  cause  much  more  apparent  damage  to  its  host.  The  fact  that 
they  are  more  commonly  found  on  poor  or  runty  animals  should  not  be 
taken  as  evidence  that  they  have  a  preference  for  such  animals,  but 
rather  that  the  animals  upon  which  they  have  multiplied  rapidly  have, 
in  consequence,  become  emaciated  and  unhealthy.  That  they  do  not  in- 
crease more  rapidl}'  and  become  a  much  greater  nuisance  niaj'  be  in  part 
because  the  majority  of  hogs  are  sold  and  slaughtered  at  a  compar- 
atively early  age,  and  with  each  one  slaughtered  must  perish  the  para- 
sites which  have  been  sup|)orted  by  it,  unless,  perchance,  an  occasional 
one  escape  the  scalding  trough  and  succeed  in  finding  another  host. 
Of  the  vast  number  of  hogs  shipped  to  market  and  slaughtered  at  the 
great  packing  houses,  none  can  bequeath  the  insects  they  have  nurtured 
to  their  followers.  The  amount  of  injury  and  the  consequent  need  of 
precautio*iary  measures  are,  therefore,  much  less  for  this  species  than 
for  many  others. 

This  is  one  of  the  largest  species  of  the  family,  full  grown  individuals 
measuring  a  fourth  of  an  inch  or  more  in  length.  It  is  of  a  gray  color, 
with  the  margins  of  the  head  and  thorax  and  most  of  the  abdomen 
dark.  The  head  is  quite  long,  the  sides  nearly  parallel,  with  strong 
eminences  just  back  of  the  antennc-^,  which  are  set  on  the  sides  of  the 
head,  midway  from  rostrum  to  occiput ;  the  legs  are  lighter  with  dark 


20 

bands  at  the  joints;  the  spiracles  are  inclosed  bv  a  black  chitinoas 
eminence,  and  tliere  is  a  broad  black  band  on  the  last  segment,  broken 
near  the  middle.    (See  Fig.  S.j 


Fig  S.-Hc.',natopimu  un,«.-  a.  female;  6.  male,  ventral  view  of  posterior  segmeDU  ;  r,  le«  .howine 
protractile  disk  of  tibia.     (Original.) 

The  male  has  the  abdomen  marked  beneath  with  a  large  black  area 
extending  forward  from  the  end  of  the  terminal  .scgmenr.  soas  to  occui>y 
the  central  portion  of  the  last  three  segments. 

There  is  a  cnrions  provision  in  the  feet  for  strengthening  the  hold 
upon  the  hair,  which  does  not  seem  to  have  been  hitherto  described. 

It  consists  of  a  circnlar  pad-like  organ  or  disk  in  the  outer  iwrtion  of 
the  tibia  which  is  received  in  a  conical  cavity  in  the  end  of  the  tibia, 
and  which  can  be  forced  out  so  as  to  press  upon  the  hair  iield  between 
the  claws  of  the  tarsus  and  the  end  of  the  tibia. 

Ordinarily,  and  always  in  the  dead  si)ecimens,  this  i«  withdrawn  so 
as  to  appear  simply  as  a  part  of  the  end  of  the  tibia,  and  the  spines 
located  on  its  margin,  appear  to  belong  to  the  tibial  rim,  but  if  exam- 
ined with  sufficient  magnification  when  tlie  louse  is  alive  it  is  easy  to 
observe  the  extrusion  of  the  organ. 

Whether  similar  organs  exist  in  related  species  is  vet  undetermined, 
but  it  seems  tpiite  probable  that  they  should,  since  in  the  specimens 
examined  microscopically  we  have  usually  to  deal  with  dead  and  i»re- 
served  individuals  in  which  this  structiue  wouhi  almost  certainly  escape 
notice.  * 

Tiie  eggs  are  one  millimeter  and  a  half  in  length  (.0(5  in.)  by  three- 
fourth.-  of  a  millimeter  in  width  (.(>.{  in.).     They  are  light  yellow  or  dusky 


21 

■wliitish  in  color,  ami  tapor  slightly  to  the  point  of  attachment.  The 
circular  lid-liko  portion  is  large,  occupying  nearly  all  the  surface  of  the 
free  end  of  the  i'g^};.  Tiiey  are  attached  usually  near  the  base  of  the 
hairs. 

On  account  of  the  thinness  of  the  hair,  the  application  of  remedies, 
where  necessary,  is  quite  easy.  Washes  of  tobacco  water  or  dilute  car- 
bolic acid,  and  the  api)lication  of  kerosene  in  lard,  or  kerosene  emulsion 
by  means  of  force  pump,  sulphur,  ointment,  etc.,  are  recommended. 
The  application  of  fine  dust  may  be  i^rovided  for  naturally  by  allowing 
the  hogs  a  chance  to  roll  in  a  roadway  or  any  place  well  supplied  with 
fiii^  dust.  Where  this  is  impiacticable  the  dust,  ashes,  or  ])Owdered 
charcoal  may  be  a2)plied  directly  to  the  neck  and  back  of  the  infested 
animal.  The  species  is  not  known  to  attack  any  other  of  the  domestic 
animals,  and  hence  no  precautionary  measures  in  this  direction  are 
necessary. 

TIIK  SUCKING  HORSE  LOUSE. 

{Haematopinus  <isini  Linn. — macrocephahis  Bnrm.) 

Kotwithstanding  the  probable  frequent  occurrence  of  this  species  we 
have  as  yet  failed  to  meet  with  examples.  The  biting  lice  from  horses 
have  been  secured  in  great  numbers,  but  we  have  searched  in  vain  for 
this  one. 

It  is  figured  by  Redi  (Exp.,  PI.  xxii,  Fig.  1)  and  was  described  by  Lin- 
nneus  under  the  name  of  PedicnJiis  asini,  presumably  his  specimens 
being  taken  from  the  ass.  Later  Burmeister  described  specimens  from 
the  horse  under  the  name  of  FedicuJus  macrocephalvs.  Denny  retains 
the  name  given  by  Linuiieus  and  states  that  it  is  common  upon  the  ass, 
and  that  he  also  had  specimens  from  the  horse,  from  which  circumstance 
he  suspected  Bunneister's  macrocephalus  to  be  the  same.  Giebel  and 
Piaget  both  follow  the  name  of  Burmeister,  and  Piaget  separates  as  a 
variety  the  form  occurring  on  the  ass,  and  gives  it  the  name  of  colorata. 

It  seems  hardly  probable  that  it  occurs  in  this 
country  in  sufficient  numbers  to  cause  much  trouble 
on  horses.  Possibly  examination  of  mules,  asses,  or 
donkeys  would  show  greater  abundance  from  the  fact 
that  horses  in  general  are  more  carefully  groomed 
than  their  somewhat  despised  relatives.  The  size  is 
about  the  same  as  that  of  the  ox-louse,  but  it  diffeis  |- 
very  decidedly  in  the  form  of  the  head,  which  is  long,  *■ 
slender,  and  the  sides  of  the  head  nearly  parallel,  as 
shown  in  the  figure  (Fig.  9),  taken  from  Comstock's 
Introduction  to  Entomology. 

Careful  grooming  may  be  looked  upon  as  at  least 
favorable  to  the  reduction  of  numbers  in  this  species.   n«tnV.''(From'comstock.) 
In  case  they  become  too  numerous  the  application  of  a  little  kero- 
sene to  the  card  or  curry  comb  used  in  grooming  the  animals  will  be 


22 

foiiud  of  value.     Where  more  vi^'orous  treatrneut  is  ueeessary  the  meas- 
ure.s  rc'couiuiended  lor  the  ox-louse  may  he  adopted. 

SUCKING   LICE   IXFE.STI.NM;    J  UK    KODENTS. 

{llamatoyinuH  .sj).) 

IJelongiufc  to  the  .same  ;,'euu.s  of  suctorial  lice  as  those  previously 
mentioned,  we  have  a  number  of  .species  common  to  the  smaller  nnim- 
mals,i)articularly  tho.se  of  the  group  of  gna win- mammals,  the  iiW<7,?m. 
The.se  smaller  mammals,  though  perhaps  never  strictly  domesticated, 
save  the  rabbit,  are  very  often  kept  in  a  semi  domesticated  state,  either 
as  pets  in  zoological  gardens  or,  in  case  of  rats  and  mice,  quite  involun- 
tardy  because  of  our  inability  to  entirely  rid  ourselves  of  them.     A- few 
notes  on  the  lice  infesting  them  will  therefore  be  of  interest  here.     Itis 
desirable  to  be  able  to  identify  them  in  case  of  their  acci<lental  occur 
lence  on  other  mammals,  and  thus  to  be  able  to  determine  whether,  in 
such  cases,  we  have  to  deal  with  a  species  likely  to  i>roveof  anv  tr.mble. 
The  common  rat  [Mm  decumanuH)  supports  a  si)ecies,  Divmatoinnm 
xp^nuloHUH,^^■\n^^^  with  its  host  must  be  distributed  over  most  of  the 
world.     It  has  been  taken  at  Ames,  Iowa,  though  in  small  numbers,  and 
It  seems  to  be  rather  scarce.     It  is  not  recorded  heretofore  for  this 
country  .so  far  as  we  know,  and  juany  animals  were  examined  before 
finding  specimens;  a  fact  in  part  due,  i)erhaps,  to  its  minuteness. 

It  IS  a  snudl  .species  of  a  light  yellotv  color,  the  head  projecting  very 
little  in  front  of  the  antenn;e  and  the  thorax  very  sh<.rt.  The  mice  are 
said  to  harbor  a  distinct  species,  but  there  seems  to  be  some  doubt  as 
to  its  being  a  genuine  species. 

JLcmatojunus  aeanthopus  occurs  on  the  field  mice  and  has  been  taken 
^t  Ames  from  a  species  of  An-icohi.  It  resembles  the  preceding  iu 
c.dor  and  form,  but  is  somewhat  larger;  the  egg  presents  Pome  peculiar- 
ities, which  are  described  in  detad  in  the  api)eiidix. 

Other  species  described  in  European  works  are  the  //.  sphnrovephalus 
oii  Sciiiriis  ruh/aris,  and  Jf.  hrvinscuhis  on  Spermophih(.i  irersmanni,  and 
two  si)ecies,  H.  hjriocephalus  and  H.  irnfricosus.  on  labbit  or  hare. 
These  have  not  been  met  with  as  yet  in  this  countrv. 

Specimens  have  been  taken  from  our  common  flying  squirrel,  fox 
squirrel,ground  squirrels,  and  chipmunk,  and  also  from  the  white  footed 
mouse  and  the  pocket  gopher,  which  do  not  ai.i)ear  to  have  been  previ- 
ously  described,  and  tlie.se  will  be  found  described  in  detail  in  the  ap- 
pended note. 

THE   ELEPHANT   LOUSE. 

(Ba-matomyzHs  proboncidcus  Piaget.) 

This  louse,  infesting  the  elephant,  is  about  as  exceptional  in  its 
way  as  the  animal  which  harbors  it.  It  appears  to  be  of  quite  recent 
notice,  though  it  is  not  unlikely  that  it  has  been  known  in  countries 


23 


where  the  elephant  has  been   domesticated   for  an  indefinite  length 
of  time. 

It  was  described  by  Piaget  (Tijdschr.  voor.  Ent., 
2(1  series,  iv,  2r)4)  in  18(50,  nnder  the  name  ot  llama- 
iomyzus  elephanti.s.  The  same  author,  however,  in 
his  elaborate  n:ono<irai)li,  Les  Pediculines,  changes 
the  name  to  H.2)robosci(I(i(s.  This  louse  differs  from 
the  others  of  the  family  in  having  a  slender  pro- 
longed snout  extending  in  front  of  the  head.  The 
antennic  are  located  at  the  base  of  this  snout,  and 
according  to  Murray  are  lenticular  in  form.  In 
Piaget's  figure,  however,  they  appear  of  nearly  equal 

thickness  throughout.     "  Color  reddish,  madder  brown,  smooth,  shining, 

impunctate.''    (Murray.) 


Flfi.  lO,  —  IliemaUtmy- 
zu»  prt' tgcideus.  (After 
Murray.) 


TECHNICAL  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW  SPE(JlES. 


LOUSE   OF   THE  FIELD   MOUSE. 


{Hcematoinnus  acanihopus  Burm.) 

Apparently  common  on  our  species  of  Arvico.a,  and  does  not  appear 
to  vary  in  any  important  particular  from  the  descriptions  of  Europe;) n 
specimens. 

nF.SCUIPTIOX    OF   THE   KOG. 

The  egg  in  this  .species,  uuliko  those  of  other  ioinis  we  have  met,  is  .ittacbed  to  a 
bundle  of  hairs  instead  of  to  one,  our  specimen  thus 
having  attachment  to  four  hairs,  as  shown  in  Fig.  H. 
This  would  seem  to  ho  an  excellent  provision  where  the 
hair  is  so  fine  as  iu  these  animals. 

The  egg  is  cloiignto  oval,  broad,  and  soinewhar  tnin- 
cato  at  the  attached  end  ;  the  surface  is  roughened, 
rugulose,  or  foveolatc  ai)pearing  squamous  in  places, 
and  iu  section  showing  rounded  ])its  on  the  surface; 
the  investing  8ul)stauce  at  base  is  slightly  corrugated. 
See  Fig.  lip. 

The  larva  is  much  shorter  and  thicker  in  proportioi. 

than  the  adnlt,the  spiny  hairs  of  the  abdomen  wanting, 

but  with  one  or  two  long  slender  hairs  extending  back 

from  the  terminal  pon ion.  r-. ,   ,,      rr       .    •  .•. 

'  Fir..  II.— II{ematopinug  acantho- 

pui:   a,    dorsal  view;    ?».  bead:   c, 

sternal  plate  ;   d,  posterior  leg;  e, 

egg;   all  enlarged.     (Original.) 

LOUSE    OF   THE  FLYING   SQUIRREL. 

{Hwmatopitms  sduropteri  u.  sp.) 

Body  slender,  light  yellow,  head  as  broad  as  long,  expanding  laterally  at  the  pos- 
terior border  above  and  with  an  acute  angle  behind  ;  beneath  triangular  and  running 
back  to  a  sharp  angle  between  the  anterior  legs,  the  front  projecting  very  slightlv 
beyond  the  antenme,  very  slightly  convex,  the  rostrum  located  back  of  the  anterior 


24 


border;  the  troplii  iduinly  viisililo  jiasbinf;  hack  into  the  protborax ;  the  anteuuiB 
very  largo  and  Htrong,  lirist  joint  much  the  largest,  occupying  in  its  attachiueut  half 
the  lateral  margin  of  the  head;  second  joint  ordinary,  third  joint  very  short,  bnt  the 
anterior  portion  extending  to  more  than  nsnal  length  and  appearing  like  a  process 
and  bearing  a  stift'liair  and  two  or  three  touth-like  spineN;  the  fourth  joint  attached 
ajiparently  very  near  the  base  of  the  third  on  posterior  side  and  of  Uhual  length;  the 
lifth  joint  short,  the  terminal  pit  with  two  or  three  short  hairs;  the  jmstcio-lateral 
angles  of  the  head  armed  with  a  long  still' hair. 

^^^___^--=~~,^_,^<'  'I'horax  widening  from  before  backward,  longer 

^'^^^V^V  [\  f,.^-^^^  than  itsgn-ate.Ht  width,  lateral  borders  irregular, 

U    A    ■<  »j\  y'f  jc^*^-C)  /I  ID^'^^     the  jtosterior  border  concave;  the  sti'rnal  ]date 

I         /^t^^Tx        ^  V;^J/^    \       '^  very  large,  emarginate  in   front  and  a  large 

i  r       I       ^\^'^*"^?VV       eniargination  corresponding  to  each  leg,  deeply 

r^        C\       /,     ^T®v>wr^      sliiiobed  posteriorly  ;  anterior  legsnot  half  the  size 

^Mn  VaJ    \'\--(jSLy^^'0^^of  the  others,  claws  weak  ;  i)08terior  legs  largest. 

I- .If  a'/^n^W^  Theseandsecond  ones  provided  with  slrougclasp- 

1     5  (la'  41  w  I ' ,  "^^         '"K  claws,  or  terminal  joint  of  tarsus,  o])posing 

I  2         ^"^"'VJ-,-^  /!' ' ' '    y  mi  basal  joint  of  tarsus,  which  is  i)rovided  witlr  c<ir- 

f;  J  J        ^»J    (j.        mi  (     nj?  rugaied  platf  ;  tibia  at  apex  internally  jirovided 

r|  %  ■'    ,  '•  ,y  with  a  short  toothed  f^i^ine. 

Hi  /  ''\  /^^rt^jl  Abdomen  of  eight  segments,  elongate,  each  seg- 

I         l-^-^VV"/         /V\j  X'tjfr  meut  sparsely  set  with  short,  very  stiff  hairs, 

I  l/T-^MVv  /l^^^r^  those  at  lateral  angles  spine-like ;  penis  distinct. 

![    \_y    u        //  \'  of  ordinary  form.     (See  Fig.  12.) 

I  '•'  \  Egg  elongate  ovate,  attenuated  towanl  the  at- 

„,      ,„     „        ,    .  ,    .  tachinent,   the  surface  with  faint  reticulations 

Fl(i.    12. — Uannatopinut  tciuropterx :    a,  ' 

inalo.  dorsal  view  i  t,  bead,  ventral  view ;  having  form  of  scales;  the  basal  half  of  the 
c.  Hternal  plato ;  d,  leg;  e,  terminal  si'g-  egg  has  the  w-alls  beautifully  corrugated.  (See 
nit-nlB;/,  opg  ;  all  enlarged.     (Original.)      Fig.  12.) 

MUlimetrea. 

Length 1.20 

Width 33 

Head: 

Length 27 

Width 26 

Thorax : 

Length 27 

Width 30 

Abdomen  : 

Length 73 

Width 33 

Antenn:e,  length 16 

Posterior  femur,  length 10 

Posterior  tibia,  length 10 

Egg  : 

Length 80 

Wi(lth 18 

This  species,  in  the  form  of  the  head  ami  the  character  of  the  anteunie 
(lifters  very  decidedly  from  most  of  the  oiher  members  of  the  penus  aud 
is  readily  distinguished  by  these  characters  as  also  by  tlie  form  of  the 
sttMiial  plate. 

One  specimen  male  and  one  egg  taken  Irom  tlifterent  specimens  of 
the  Hying  squirrel  Sciuroptnus  roluceUo.  but  undoubtedly  belonging  to 
the  same  sjn'cies.     Collected  at  Amc.«i,  Iowa. 


25 


LOUSE   OF   THE   FOX  SQUIRREL. 


{Hmnatojnnus  antennaUts,  u.  sj). 

Bodj-  loiij;  ami  slender,  the  iibiloiiieii  proportion- 
ately large. 

Female. — Head  narrow  aud  rounded  in  front,  widen- 
ing decidedly  behind  the  antenna",  deeply  hollowed 
beneath  thelateral  margin,  the  posterolateral  margin 
sub  acute,  bearing  a  short  spine-like  hair  and  a  long 
stift'hair,  the  posteriorborder  with  an  acnte  angle  be- 
hind; '-"neath  broadly  keeled,  keel  behind  narrow, 
expanding  in  front  to  width  of  head  between  the  an- 
tenme.  Antennie  very  dillerent  from  other  members 
of  the  genus ;  the  first  joint  large  with  a  short  i)roces3 
on  the  posterior  border  bearing  a  sharp  inwardly 
curved  tooth  ;  other  joints  ordinary,  second  joint 
longest.  Thorax  short,  widest  behind,  sternal  plate 
ovate,  broadest  in  front,  legs  as  with  allied  forms,  the 
posterior  pair  strongest.  Abdomen  long,  lateral  angles 
produced,  bearing  a  short  spine  or  tooth,  a  short  still' 

hair  and  a  long  hair  ;  a  tuft  of  hairs  on  lateral  angles 

„,,.,.,  i.       T-i  1  i.  i  r  Fig.  13 — Uaematopinim  antennatug : 

ot  the  eighth  segment.     ii.gg  elongate  ovate,  surface      ,        ,    .         ,  ,      ,         .    ,     • 

'^  "  ""  "  a,  dorsal  view ;  o,  head,  ventral  view; 

smooth   throughout    except  at    the    cap,  which    is  <,,  antenna;  d,  leg,  e,  sternal  plate;  /, 
strongly  convex  and  has  a   row  of  i)erforation8  near  egg;  all  enlarged.    (Original.) 
the  attachment  to  the  body  of  the  shell. 

Millimetres. 
Length L55  to  1.65 


Width 

Head  : 

Length 

Width 

Thorax  : 

Length 

Width 

Abdomen : 

Length 

Width  

Antennie,  length 
Egg  : 

Length 

Width 


.50 

.35 
.20 

.13 
.22 

1.20 
.50 
.20 

.73 

.28 


This  species  is  at  once  distinguisheil  from  all  others,  known  by  the 
peculiar  structure  of  the  anteunte,  no  other  species  described  possess- 
ing the  process  and  curved  tooth  of  the  basal  joint.  In  form  of  head 
it  approaches  acanthopus,  but  is  larger  than  that  species  and  has  the 
sternal  plate  of  different  forms.  The  e^gg  is  longer,  more  attenuated  in 
form  at  base,  and  devoid  of  the  surface  markings  characteristic  of  that 
species.  Collected  from  a  fox  squirrel,  Sciunis  cinereiis  var.  ludovicianus, 
at  Ames,  Iowa. 


26 


<?/Tv. 


LOUSE   OF  THE   WHITE  FOOTED  MOUSE. 
(UannatopinuK  hesperatnydix,  u.  sp.) 

ry--  Hfxly  elongate,  giiieral  color  golden  yellow. 

7     '    ^        «  b[  l;j  ^''<'"'"'«—H<-'a(l  hnbijuadrate,  rouuded  in  front,  a  concavity 

'*         ^y'\-^    for  the  rostrum,  ol.tiiselyjingulate<l  on  the   pobterior  border; 

Ctr?.-,>;7  antenna-  set  near  tlj«  front;    lirst  joint  large,  short ;  second 

>      longest,  the  rest  nearly  equal;  fourth  with  a  small  tooth  on 

J  the  posterior  border,  terminal  pit  with  several  short  hairs. 

Thorax  shorter  th:in  the  head,  small,  sternal  jdate  cuneiform, 

obtusely  angular,  irregularly  oroldiquely  truncate  in  front  and 

6har]»ly  pointed  behind  ;  autciior  legs  small  and   w.ak,  the 

middle  ones  somewhat  larger,  the  posterior   pair  much   the 

large.st,   llatteiied  ;  terminal  joint  of  tarsus  very  broad  and 

curved,  opposing  ba.sal  joint  of  tarsus  and  meeting  tibial  spur 

in  such  manner  that  the  three  form  almost  a  complete  cvlin- 

HeZori,yJ-TZZ   f «' '  ^^'^""-"  -"^  elongate,  sparsely  set  with  short  spiny 

view;  6,  head;   c,  sternal   "'ITS,  ono  or  two  long  hairs  at   lateral  angles  of  sixth  and 

plato;  d,  posterior  leg;  c,    seventh  segments. 

terniiDal  se-meuis,  male;        Male,  more  slender,   head  longer  and    tapering  Miruewhat 
all  enlargeU.     (Oriciual.)     towanl  the  front.      See  Fig.  14. 
Egg,  as  seen  in  the  body  of  adult  female  specimen,  is  elongate  oval. 


Millinjetreti. 
Length 75  10.90 

^^'•^tli 2^  to  .33 

Head: 

Length ; llJto.ltj 

Width ,f, 

Thorax  : 

Length H, 

"^'•'•th 1 :!  to.  15 

Abdomen  : 

Length r,(,  ,„  ,;„ 


Width. 


.'-'■^  to  .33 


The  species  ajjproaclR's  the  acanthopm,  resembling  it  in  the  form  of 
the  sternal  i)Iate,  the  character  of  the  legs,  and  the  general  form  of  the 
body.  It  differs,  however,  in  having  the  sternal  plate  le.xs  narrowed 
posteriorly,  more  obtuse,  or  even  truncated  in  front ;  more  tlecidedly 
still  in  the  form  of  the  head,  which  is  longer  and  less  excavated  for  the 
insertion  of  the  antenna'.  It  is  also  smaller,  and  the  egg,  if  we  may 
.jiidgti  by  what  we  can  see  through  the  walls  of  the  female,  is  more 
elongated.  , 

It  has  been  collected  from  the  white-footed  or  deer  mouse,  Hesperomys 
Icucopus,  at  Ames.  Iowa. 


27 


LOUSE   OF    iHE   GROUND   SQUIRRELS   AND   CHIPMUNK. 

{II(cmatopinvs  suturalis,  ii.  sp.) 


Body  short,  broad  ;  color,  golden  yellow. 

Head  oval,  rounded  and  dellocted  in  front ;  a  largo  chit- 
inons  ring  inclosing  the  base  of  tho  rostrum  ;  a  very  dis- 
tinct transvers(>  .suture  behind  tho  autennie  ;  sides  slightly 
convex;  lateral  angles  obtuse,  without  hairs;  posterior 
angle  acute,  and  passing  well  back  upon  the  thorax;  an- 
teunu'  sin'ole,  located  anterior  to  tho  middle  of  the  sides; 
joints  nearly  eijual  iu  size.  Thorax  short,  convex  at 
sides,  widest  behind,  sternal  plate  nearly  circular,  sur- 
face roughened;  anterior  and  middle  legs  slender  and 
nearly  equal  in  size  ;  claws  slender  and  sharp;  posterior 
legs  very  thick,  claw  strong  aud  broad.  Abdomen  short, 
ovate,  broadest  near  the  front,  sutures  inconspicuous, 
hairs  long  ;  some  of  those  on  sides  and  posteriorly  very 
long.  Males  ai.d  females  are  very  similar,  and  distin- 
guishable only  by  genital  armature  of  male. 


Fio.  15.  Scematopinus  sutu- 
ralis :  a,  dorsal  view ;  b,  head ;  c, 
sternal  pUite  ;  d,  postfiior  leg; 
c,  terminal  segments,  male;  all 
enlarged.     (Original.) 


Millimetres. 

Length 75  to  .80 

Width 3.5  to  .40 

Head : 

Length 27 

Width 13 

Thorax  : 

Length 13 

Width 18 

Abdomen  : 

Length 45  to  .  48 

Width » 35  to.  40 


This  species  i.s  particularly  well  marked  hy  the  general  form  of  the 
body  and  evspecially  by  the  conspicuous  transverse  suture  back  of  the 
antenu;x\  It  differs  further  from  most  of  the  species  in  the  genus  in 
having  both  the  anterior  and  middle  legs  slender  and  of  nearly  the 
same  size,  while  the  posterior  legs  alone  are  especially  modified  as 
clasping  organs. 

Although  we  have  not  seen  Middendorf's  description  and  figure  of  H. 
la'viiisculus  froui  SpermophiJus  eversmanni,  there  can  be  scarcely  a  possi- 
bility of  this  being  identical  with  it,  since  this  differs  in  almost  every 
particular  as  compared  with  the  diagnoses  of  that  species  given  by 
Giebel  and  by  Piaget.  We  there'^ore  describe  it  without  hesitation  as  a 
new  species. 

It  has  been  found  plentiful  on  SpermophilusfranJilini  and  S.  13-lineatus 
at  Ames,  Iowa.  An  immature  specimen  from  Tamias  striatus  iiresents 
the  characters  of  the  species  so  i)lainly  that  there  can  be  little  doubt 
that  it  is  identical. 


28 


H^MATOPINOIDES. 
Nov.  Gen. 

Antenna- comi)o.sed  Of  three  joints,  terminal  joint  deeply  excavated 
on  the  posterior  side ;  abdominal  negmentn  at  lateral  marL'in.s  broadly 
chitmons  with  a  strong  tubercle  and  a  semicircular  plate  above  and  be- 
low lapping  over  the  chitinous  portion  of  the  succeeding  segment. 

SUCKING  LOUSE  OF  THK  POCKET  GOPHER. 

{Hwmatopinoules  squamonus,  n.  sp.) 

Body  oblong,  broadly  flattened;  general  color,  dark  yellowish.    Head  small,  longer 
\Jh  .-v^r^??^*^^"  ^'™''*^'  """""■'>'  roiiuded  in  front,  widening  be- 

^^    '^m^      a.    /Jv^^'  '"^  ^'"'^  ""^^°"*'='***'''''^  '*"g'^"«»'>'^ed,  posterior 
\)d.      \      l*^     ^^TjOj?*-         '"=""g'°  acutely  poiutedbeneatb,  with  two  large  hairs 
V^y    >:^-<,        ^vW^        ««t  between  the  bases  of  the  antenna- and  directed 
T'^'^W^  .^fe?^V       outward;  autennie  composedof  but  three  joints,  these 
/y^fe  *\^^S*V^       ''•"'"«  "fii'l.v  etjiial  in  size,  the  first  short,  stout ;  the 

V^  M^'^-'T^        tl'ird  longest    and  with   a  deep  excavation   on  the 

fM       f  i/r""~rrA       Pf'stt-rior  side.     Thorax    small,   broa<ler  than  long, 

L^^^  TJ-     'V-y||'       ""»'■«''"   inegnlar,  sternal  plate   obtnsfly  angled  hi 

M^K  /ftwiiii^       ^'"""^'    ^'*'*'''^'    "'argins  parallel,  passing   by  obtuse 

1J^^£  /^,„.     -M^       angles  into  an  acutely  angled  posterior  extremity;  ini- 

ii^-^'  ^"-^-^        niediately  back  of  the  sternal  plate  are  two  irregularly 

^T^  /VliT^  triangular,  chitinous  plates,  occupying  the  region 

//(I    /'  \\  of  the  metathorax  and  extending  each  side  so  that 

'  \  their  bases  reach  to  the  bases  of  the  coxa-.    Anterior 

Fig.  U.-Hamaiopinoidettguam.  and  middle  legs  of  nearly  the  same  size    hind  lea 

postoriorleK;  /.border  of  abdomen  '  1'°  ''"T'  ^  ^  ^"^'  "'  ''"'I^**'''»''  '^'"oadening  very  rap- 
all  enlarged.  (Original.)  idly  at  base  ami  terminating  abruptly  ;  lateral  niar- 
„,!„  V  *  .,  ^'"^  °^  ecgm.-nts  broadly  chitinous, "a  strong  tub- 
ercle directed  posteriorly  and  a  semicircular  plate  above  and  below  Uppi„g  over 
the  chitinous  portion  of  the  succeeding  segment,  spiracle  located  at  middle  of  lateral 
niarg,„;  median  portion  membranous,  appearing  minutely  squamous.  The  sutures 
of  the  segments  faintly  indicated,  a  few  long  hairs  scattered  o"er  the  median  portion 
of  the  dorsal  surface,  two  hairs  on  each  lateral  tubercle,  these  much  elongit^  on 
segments  6  an  7  ;  the  eighth  with  a  taft  of  hairs.  t-'ongateU  on 

Length Millimetre,. 

wi,uh ::;:;:: ^-^ 

Head:  "" 

Length 

Width \['[ '-; 

Thorax:  ^'^ 

I^<">j:th 

Width ' y* 

Abdomen  :  " 

Length  

Width " ^ 

•••  ----- __  r^Q 

AntenniB,  leucth  .  

*■  10 


^ 


29 

This  species  departs  so  remarkably  from  others  of  the  group  that  it 
seems  necessary  to  create  for  it  a  new  genus.  The  most  important 
characters  and  those  which  seem  of  generic  value  are  the  three-jointed 
anteniue  and  the  semicircular  plates  on  margins  of  the  abdomen.  The 
sternal  structure  is  also  different.  In  general  aspect,  however,  it  ap- 
proaches the  genus  Ilii'matopinus. 

Two  si)ecimens,  both  females,  collected  from  the  pocket  or  pouched 
gopher,  Gcomys  bursariuSy  at  Ames,  Iowa. 


ORDER   PSEUDOXKUROITERA. 

SUBORDER  MAJ.L01'IIA(rA 

This  group  embraces  all  the  biting-  bee  iiifestiiiy  birds  and  mammals. 
They  are  very  distinct,  indeed,  from  the  preceding  group,  tbougli  fre- 
quently phiced  with  tliem  under  such  unnatural  divisions  an  Anoplura, 
Pedictditu's,  etc. 

The  bodies  are  usually  hard  and  horny  and  much  flattened.  They 
possess  mandibiilate  mouth  i)arts  adapted  to  cutting,'  and  biting  the 
hairs,  feathers,  ej)idernial  scales,  or  excretions  on  the  bodies  of  their 
hosts.  They  are  said  also  to  have  a  suctorial  organ  by  means  of  wiiich 
they  may  at  times  draw  blood  from  the  host  animal.  The  mandibles 
are  situated  in  most  forms  underneath  the  head  and  near  the  center, 
the  clypeus  projecting  and  forming  the  most  anterior  portion  of  the 
head.  The  labrum  is  present  and  the  maxillary  pali»i  are  i)rominent  in 
a  part  of  the  order.  Tiie  eyes  when  visible  are  located  back  of  the 
antennai.  Tiie  antenna}  are  five-joiuted.  excej)t  in  Trichodectes.  The 
thorax  is  generally  narrow  and  frequently  but  two  divisions  are  appar- 
ent. The  legs  are  adapted  to  clasi)ing  (Pltihpterid(v)  or  to  running 
(Liotheid(v),  the  tarsi  in  the  first  case  being  short  and  fitted  for  clasp- 
ing against  the  tibia-,  and  in  the  .second  ca.se  being  long  and  i)rovided 
with  two  claws  well  adapted  to  riinuiiig.  Tiie  members  of  the  first 
division  occur  on  both  mammals  and  birds,  those  of  the  second,  ex- 
cept Gyropns,  are  limited  to  birds.  Wings  are  entirely  wanting  and 
the  abdomen  contains  nine  or  ten  .segments  and  is  usually  oval  in  shape. 

In  life  history  this  group  agrees  with  the  preceding.  The  eggs  are 
glued  to  tiie  hairs  or  feathers  of  the  host  animal  and  open  with  a  cir- 
cular cap  or  lid  at  the  free  end.  The  larv;e  are  le.vs  liattened,  shorter 
in  proportion,  and  without  the  hardened  parts  common  to  the  adults 
covering  a  part  or  all  of  the  .surface.  The  length  of  life  and  rapidity 
of  multiplication  has  not  been  determiued  for  any  species  .so  far  as  we 
know,  and  tiie  habits  of  the  insects  make  any  such  determination  a  mat- 
ter of  great  ditliculty. 

The  effect  of  these  upon  the  liost  auiinal  may  l)e  less  iiiqiortant  than 
that  of  the  suctorial  lice,  but  judging  from  ca.ses  where  serious  results 
follow  from  the  efforts  of  the  animals  to  rid  them.selves,  and  from  the 
known  irritation  due  to  the  crawling  of  anything  among  hairs  and 
ft'atliers,  it  can  not  be  doubted  that  they  cause  much  inconvenience  to 
the  creatures  which  become  their  involuntary  supjiorters. 

.10 


31 

Tlie  order  may  ensily  be  separated  into  two  fiimilies  upon  characters 
a  part  of  which  have  already  been  mentioned,  namely,  the  structure  of 
the  mouth  parts  and  the  feet.  The  latter,  which  is  the  most  easily  ob- 
served, can  easily  be  told  from  the  niodo  of  locomotion,  the  members  of 
the  first  proup  bein^'  incapable  of  rapid  movement  but  well  adapted  to 
clinging-  to  the  hairs  or  feathers,  the  latter  ruuuing  freely  and  swiftly 
but  having  less  power  to  clasp. 

FAMILY  PHILOPTERIDiE. 

Infesting  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  dogs,  cats,  chickens,  turkeys,  pigeons, 
ducks,  etc. 

The  members  of  this  family  have  the  mouth  parts  on  the  under  side 
of  the  head.  Mandibles  strong;  maxilla*  wanting  ;  tarsi  short,  of  one 
or  two  joints,  the  claw  meeting  a  tooth  at  the  apex  of  the  tibia;  meso- 
thorax  apparently  wanting;  abdomen  having  nine  segments. 

The  group  is  a  large  one,  the  species  being  so  numerous  that  scarcely 
a  bird  but  harbors  one,  and  sometimes  several,  species  of  this  family. 

The  genera  are,  for  the  most  part,  easily  separated  ;  Docophorus,  by 
the  presence  of  a  movable  appendage  (trabecula)  in  front  of  the  anten- 
nae ;  Xirnuis,  by  the  piesence  of  an  immovable  tooth  in  front  of  the 
antennie  and  the  generally  entire  terminal  segment  of  the  abdomen  of 
the  female.  Ooniocotcs  and  Gouioths  are  x'obust  forms,  usually  with 
large  heads  strongly  curved  in  front ;  they  differ  by  the  former  hav- 
ing simple  antenna'  in  both  sexes,  while  in  the  latter  they  are  modified 
in  the  male.  The  former  are  also  usually  much  the  smaller.  In  Lipeu- 
rus  the  body  is  generally  long  and  slender,  the  antennse  of  the  males 
large  and  often  with  a  complicated  structure,  while  the  terminal  seg- 
ment of  the  female  is  bilobed.  The  species  of  Oniithohius  are  white  or 
transparent  and  especially  characterized  by  having  sbarp  curved  appen- 
dages meeting  in  front  of  the  clypeus.  Trichodcctes  is  at  once  known 
b}'  the  three-jointed  antenn;^.  Other  genera  of  the  family  do  not  contain 
species  Infesting  domestic  animals,  and  hence  need  not  be  noticed  here. 

LOUSE    OF   DUCKS   AND   GEESE. 

{Docophorus  icterodes  Nitzsch.) 

This  species  has  been  recorded  from  so  many  different  members  of 
the  order  of  birds  containing  the  ducks  a^nd  geese  that  it  may  be  con- 
sideied  as  common  to  the  order.  It  was  described  by  Nitzsch  in  1818 
and  has  been  mentioned  by  most  writers  on  parasites  since  that  time. 
It  is  about  1  millimetre  in  length,  and  has  the  head  and  thorax  of 
a  bright  reddish  color  wi  h  darker  bands.  The  abdomen  is  white  in 
the  center,  with  broad,  dark  reddish,  horny  bauds  at  the  sides,  with  a 
darker  spot  at  the  margin. 


THE'LITTLE   HKD   SWAN  LOUSE. 

(Docophorus  eygni  Denny.) 

Notwithstanding  the  ajjparent  abundance  of  this  species  it  does  not 
api)ear  to  liave  been  described  before  1842,  when  it  was  described  and 
figured  by  Denny  (Monog.  Anop.  Brit.,  p.  95,  PI.  1,  Fig.  1),  but  ac- 
cording to  this  author  it  was  figured  by  liedi  (Exper.,  PI.  ix,  fig.  inf.), 
whicli  would  carry  its  recognition  back  L'oo  years.  It  is  coniiuon  on 
both  the  wihl  and  domesticated  swans,  and  J>enny  states  that  he  has 
received  it  from  the  beau  goose. 

Jt  is  a  millimetre  in  length,  of  a  robust  form,  the 
head  decidedly  rounded  in  front,  except  at  the  ex- 
treme tip,  where  it  is  slightly  excavated.  In  color 
the  head,  tiiorax,  and  legs  are  bright  reddish  brown, 
while  the  al)domen  is  white  in  the  center  and  dark 
brown  at  the  sides,  the  brown  occupying  bird  plate- 
like ])ortions  at  the  side  of  each  :;egment. 
Docophoru,  T''*'  *'"'"'  ''"'^  the  distribution  of  these  plates  are 
(Original.)     showii  JM  t lie  accouipauying  figure. 


CHICKEN   LOUSE. 

{Goniocotes  holof/aster  Nitzsch.) 

This  common  species  of  the  domestic  fowl  was  recognized  by  DeGeer 
and  by  Nitzsch.  It  has  been  generally  confused  with  another  form,  or 
rather  another  larger  and  perhaps  more  common  form  has  been  gene- 
rally accepted  by  Kngiish  and  American  writers  as  the  hulogaster,  this 
being  due  to  the  de.scription  and  figure  given  by  Denny,  who  does  not 
seem  to  have  seen  the  true  holoffaster,  but  descril)ed  for  it.  according  to 
Piaget,  an  immature  spec-imen  of  the  larger  species  since  described  as 
Goniocotes  abdominalis  Piaget. 

Tiie //o/w^rt.s/^T  is  only  about  one  millimetre  in  lengtli.  whereas  the 
ab<hminnli.s,  or  Denny's  holoi/dster,  is  about  tluce  millimetres.  In  general 
form  the  species  is  somewhat  similar,  the  holorjaster  being  less  con- 
stricted at  the  thorax  and  more  regularly  tapering  to  the  end  of  the 
abdomen.  The  head  is  more  nearly  (piadrat*- ;  the  abdomen  not  so 
conspicuously  marked,  the  incurved  margins  of  the  segments  not  ex 
tending  so  decidedly  upon  the  disk  and  jtresenting  the  distinct  lines 
seen  as  a  border  to  the  fasci:e  in  ali(h>7»iunlis. 


rilirKEN   I.OTSE. 

{Goniocotts  (tlxloniiiKilis  IMaget.) 

This   is  ])robably   fully  as  common   as  tlie  preceding    species.     As 
already  stated,  it  is  the  form  which  has  been  c»)mmonIv  referred  to  in 


33 


English  and  Aiuericau  works  as  the  Goniocotes  hologastcr,  which  doubt- 
lessacconnts  for  its  not  having  been  described  untilquite 
recently. 

It  is  a  large,  conspicuous  species,  about  3  millimetres 
ill  length,  quite  broad,  the  head  nearly  circular  in  front 
and  constricted  behind,  tlie  thorax  small,  the  abdomen 
widening  to  near  the  end  and  terminating  abruptly. 
The  head,  thorax,  and  legs  are  yellowish,  with  dark  mar- 
gins and  spots;  the  abdominal  segments  bear  lateral 
whitish  fasciie  bordered  with  black. 
Fig.  u.-oonio-        ^^  appears  to  be  much  less  common  than  some  other 

eotes  abdominaiu-     gpecics  of  cliickeu  llcc,  notably  Menoiion  pallidum  and 

hologastcr  of       r-  •    iw 

Denuy       (After       LipeUVUH  mrmblhs. 

Denny). 


PIGEON    l.OrSK. 

{Goniocotes  compar  Nitzsch.) 

A  species  which  has  been  familiar  for 
a  long  time  and  generally  common,  along 
with  other  lice,  on  domestic  j^igeons.  It 
is  a  rather  small-sized  species,  a  little 
more  than  a  millimetre  in  length.  The 
head  is  rounded  in  front,  narrower  be- 
tween the  antenuiti,  broadest  near  the 
posterior  margin.  The  thorax  is  nar- 
row, the  abdomen  in  the  male  broad- 
est near  the  i)osterior  end  and  squarish 
behind,  in  the  female  more  regular  and 
broadest  near  the  middle.  It  is  whitish, 
with  a  rather  broad  brownish  margin, 
from  which  prolongations  extend  inward 
upon  the  sutures. 


Fio.  \9.—Goniocotcg  compar.   (Original.) 


Fig.  20.— Go jiio- 
cotes  rcctangulatua. 
(After  Piaget.) 


21122— Xo.  7 


THE  PEACOCK   GONIOCOTES. 

(Goniocotes  rectangtdatus  I^"itzscb.) 

This  species  which  shares  with  the  Goniodesfalcicornis 
the  hospitality  of  the  peacock,  was  first  described  by 
Mtzsch  (Germar's  Mag.,  in,  294).  It  is  a  small  species, 
about  the  size  of  the  holoffasier,  which  it  resembles  quite 
closely.  The  head  is  squarish,  .somewhat  rounded  in 
front,  while  the  thorax  and  abdomen  are  short  and 
oval. 

While  less  noticeable  than  the  larger  species  associ 
ated  with  it,  it  is  probably  no  less  abundant. 


34 


BURNETT'S  GONIOCOTES. 

{Gotiiocotes  burnettii  Packard.) 

A  si)ecie8  described   by  iJr.  A.  S.  Packard  (Am.  Nat.  vol.  iv,  p.  94) 
is  apparently  much  less  common  than  some  of  the  other  species  com- 
mon to  the  sadly  infested  barnyard  fowl.     According  to  Dr.  Packard's 
description  it  diflers  from  tlie  G.  hologasier  of  Kuroi>e, 
which  lives  on  the  same  bird,  in  the  short  second  joint 
of  the  antenna-,  which  are  also  stouter,  and  in  the  long 
head,  the  clypeus  being  much  longer  and  more  acutely 
rounded,  while  the  head  is  less  hollowed  out  at  the  in- 
sertion of  the  antenna'.     The  abdomen  is  oval  and  one- 
half  as  wide  as  long,  with  transverse,  broad,  irregular 
bands  along  the  edges  of  the  segments.     The  mandibles 
f"',   '^~"7'uHiv    sliort    and    straight,    two  toothed.     The    body   is 

cotes  biirnetin  I'ack.  "^ 

(Aftei  Packard.)       slightly  ycUowisli  and  variously  streaked  and  baude^l 
with  pitchy  black. 

GONIOCOTES  OF  THE  PHEASANT. 

{Goniocotes  chrysocephalus  Giebel.) 

This  parasite  of  the  ])heasant  was  first  described  by  Giebel  in  1S66 
under  the  name  of  Goniocotes  colcMci  which  he  afterward  changetl  to 
the  above.  It  is  said  to  resemble  the  hologanter  which  att'ects  the  do- 
mestic fowl. 

THE  CHICKEN  GONIODES. 


(Goniodes  dissimilis  Nitzscb.) 

Although  this  species  has  been  known  for  a  considerable  time,  it  seems 
not  to  have  been  abundant  enough  to  receive  fiequeut  notice. 

Denny  says:  "1  suspect  this  species  of  being 
of  rare  occurrence,  as  the  only  specimen  which 
I  have  examined  was  conununicated  by  Mr. 
Thompson  from  Belfast,  and  that  being  a  female, 
1  am  precluded  from  describing  the  character- 
istics of  the  male." 

It  is  a  large  species,  2  to  U.^  millimetres 
in  length,  and  Denny  describes  it  as  tawny 
in  color,  smooth,  shining,  and  pubescent,  with 
large  subcjuadrate  head,  a  short  transverse 
prothorax,  and  a  large  abdomen  with  the  side 
markings  conllucnt,  and  the  sutures  with  deep 
chestnut  bands.  It  has  not  as  yet  been  recorded 
for  this  country  that  we  are  aware  of,  though  Ftr.n.-ooniodftdunmai$. 
in  all  i)robabirity  it  occurs  here  as  well  as  j,,  <Aft.r Denny  > 
Europe. 


p^- 


\ 


35 

LOUSE  OF  THE  GUINEA  FOWL. 
(Gouiodes  nuniidianus  Deuuy.) 

We  have  only  the  record  given  by  Deuny  (Mouog.  Aiiop.  Brit.,  p. 
163,  PI.  XIII,  Fig.  7)  as  authority  for  tliis  species.  His  diagnosis  of  the 
species  is  as  follows:  "  Pale  straw-yellow,  shining  and  smooth,  margined 
with  black ;  head  snborbicular ;  abdomen  acuminate,  with  pitchy 
brown,  interrupted  transverse  bands."  He  states  that  "  the  only  speci- 
mens of  this  species  I  have  seen  are  two  males,  which  I  took  from  oft" 
a  pintado  (Nitmida  meleaf/ris).''^  We  have  not  had  the  opportunitj'  to 
search  for  this  species  and  can  not  say  whether  any  effort  has  been 
made  in  this  country  to  obtain  parasites  from  the  guinea  fowl.  It  is 
most  likely  that  a  careful  examination  of  a  number  of  the  fowls  would 
furnish  examples  of  this  species  and  possibly  still  others  not  yet  recog- 
nized. 


THE   PIGEON   GONIODES. 

(Goniodes  damicornis  Nitzsch.) 

According  to  Giebel  this  species  was  first  de- 
scribed bj'  Kitzsch,  and  his  reference  is  "Zeit- 
schrift  f.  ges.  Naturwiss.,  18G6,  xvii  119."  It 
is  a  rather  large  species,  a  little  more  than  two  ] 
millimetres  in  length  and  of  a  bright-brown  color. 
The  head  is  very  much  rounded  in  front  and 
strongly  angular  behind.  It  occurs  only  on  i)ig- 
eons,  but  upon  these  appears  to  be  rather  com- 
mon, though  not  yet  met  with  in  our  own  collec- 
ting. 


Fig.  23.— Go7iiodes  damicor- 
nu.    (Original.) 


THE  LITTLE   PIGEON  GONIODES. 

{Goniodes  minor  Piaget.) 

Piaget  (Les  Pediculines,  p.  256)  has  described  as  a  distinct  species, 
under  the  above  name,  a  form  quite  similar  to  the  preceding  but  smaller 
and  presenting  some  differences  of  the  antenna^  and  form  of  the  head. 
According  to  this  author  it  is  found  on  the  domestic  pigeons  and  also 
on  Cohnnha  tigrhia,  C.  risoria,  and  C.  bitorquata.  It  has  not  to  our 
knowledge  been  recorded  in  this  country  as  yet,  but  is  likely  to  be 
found  along  with  the  other  forms. 


36 


LOUSE  OF  TUKKEY. 
{Goniodes  styli/er  Nitzsch.) 

Nitzsch  describes  this  species  inGerniar's  Magazine  (in,  294),  and  it 

Las  been  frequently  mentioned  since 
tiiat  time.  It  was  also  described  by 
Schrank  under  the  uame  of  Pediculm 
meleagris  (Faun.  Ins.  Aust.,  504).  It 
is  a  larjje  species,  3  millimetres  or 
more  in  length,  and  quite  readily  dis- 
tiugnisliedfrom  other  common  species 
by  the  hind  angles  of  the  head,  which 
are  extended  backward  into  long 
styles  from  the  ends  of  which  extend 
strong  bristles.  The  thorax  is  an- 
gular with  a  black  margin  and  the  ab- 
domen is  i)ale  with  transverse  bands 
of  dark  color. 

The  species  probably  ha>  a  distri- 
bution equal  to  that  of  the  turkey 
itself,  and  with  the  other  species  com- 

FlO.U.-Goniodes,tyli/creul^r^ed:    a,  month '"*^"     ^^     ^^'^    ^^'^^     render    it     pretty 

parts  I  6,  antenDa).    (From  Vt-rrill,  afterCuvier.)  thoroughly  illfcsted. 


THE   PEACOCK   GONIODES. 

(  Goniodes  fakicornis  Nitzsch. ) 

This  large  and  common  species  appears  to  have  been  first  recorded 
by  Kedi,  who  figured  it  under  the  name  of  Pulcr  pavonh.  Since  that 
time  it  has  engaged  the  attention  of  Linna-us,  Frisch, 
Olfers,  Fabricius,  Stephens,  Schrank,  Nitzsch,  Bur- 
meister,  Stewart,  Panzer,  Denny,  Giebel,  Piaget,  and 
numerous  other  writers,  who  have  described,  figured, 
and  discussed  it  under  one  name  or  another,  from 
which  we  would  infer  that  it  must  have  been  one  of 
the  most  common  and  frequently  met  with  of  any  of 
the  parasites  of  our  domesticated  fowls. 

It  is  a  large  species,  3  to  4  millimetres  in  length, 
of  a  bright  reddish  yellow  color,  with  a  large  head 
the  hind  angles  of  which  are  acute  and  prominent.  r,^""jrfurDli^ 
The  first  joint  of  the  antenna  in  the  male  is  large 
and  bears  a  prominent  tooth.  The  abdomeu  is  broad, 
light  yellow,  with  prominent  transverse  lateral  bauds 
extending  nearly  to  the  middle  line. 


37 

THE   PHEASANT   GONIODES. 

( Goniodes  colchieus  Denny.) 

This  species  is  not  likely  to  prove  of  any  special  interest  in  this  coun- 
try, and  we  will  simply  mention  it  and  repeat  the  diagnostic  description 
given  by  Denny : 

"  Bright  chestnut-yellow  ;  bead  subquadrate,  temporal  angles  obtuse, 
thorax  with  a  broad  ferruginous  margin  ;  abdomen  pale,  yellow-white, 
nearly  orbicular,  each  segment,  excepting  the  first  and  last  two,  with  a 
pitchy  black  arcuate  fascia." 

He  refers  this  species  to  the  insect  mentioned  under  the  name  of 
Pediculus  phasiani  by  Fabricius,  with  a  question  as  to  their  identity. 

GONIODES   GIGAS. 

Professor  Comstock,  in  his  Introduction  to  Entomology,  page  86, 
names  this  as  a  parasite  of  the  hen,  but  he  states  no  authority  for  the 
species  and  we  are  unable  to  find  any  other  reference  to  it. 

LIPEURUS  OF  THE  CHICKEN  AND  PHEASANT,  ETC. 

[Lipeurus  heterographus  Nitzsch.) 

This  species,  first  recorded  by  Nitzsch,  would  appear  from  the  writ- 
ings of  European  naturalists  to  be  rather  common,  but  it  has  not  to 
our  knowledge  been  taken  in  this  country,  a  fact  which  may  be  due 
rather  to  the  little  attention  that  has  been  given  to  collecting  these  in- 
sects in  this  country  than  to  their  absence. 

According  lo  the  figures  given  by  Piaget,  it  difters  decidedly  from 
the  rariabilis,  with  which  it  is  most  likely  to  be  confused,  in  having 
the  head  rather  narrowed  in  front  instead  of  inflated,  and  the  body  is 
much  stouter. 

Besides  occurring  upon  the  common  domestic  fowl,  it  is  said  to  occur 
upon  pheasants  of  certain  si)ecies. 

LOUSE   OF   THE   GUINEA    FOWL. 

{Lipeurus  numidcc,  Denny.) 

Denny  described  this  species  under  the  name  of  Nirmus  numidce,  but 
Piaget  refers  it  to  the  genus  Lipeurus. 

It  is  characterized  by  Denny  as  "  livid  yellow,  shining  and  smooth  ; 
head  subpanduriform,  lateral  margin  black ;  abdomen  with  two  fuscous 
interrupted  dorsal  fasciae." 

As  he  states  that  he  found  "  two  specimens,"  it  would  appear  not  to 
have  occurred  in  great  abundance. 


38 


LOrSE    OF   THE    SllELDUAKE. 

(Lipeurun  tadonuc  Denny;  Lipeurm  lavteua  Giebel.) 

Denny  tlescribnl  tlii.s  species  from  .specimens  taken  from  the  shel- 
drake, and  cites  also  a  manuscript  name  of  Leach,  Ornithobiustadormv, 
which  lie  assumes  to  be  the  same  and  which  applied  to  specimens  in  the 
British  Museum.  Tiie  species  was  later  described  by  (liebel  with  the 
name  lacteu8,  though  heat  the  same  times  quotes  Denny's  name  without 
statin<if  any  rea.son  for  the  chanfje, 

I'iaget  states  tliat  he  prefers  the  name  chosen  by  Giebel  to  that  of 
tadorme  in  order  to  avoid  as  much  as  possible  the  names  of  birds  upon 
which  the  parasites  have  been  found.  If  this  principle  were  carried  out 
it  would  involve  tiie  change  of  hosts  of  names  ai)i)lied  to  members  of 
this  grouii  of  insects,  and  as  it  is  directly  opposed  to  the  well-estab- 
lished i)rinciple  of  priority  we  believe  the  name  applied  by  Denny 
should  be  restored. 

The  insect  is  characterized  by  a  milky-white  color,  the  surface  smooth 
and  shining,  the  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  with  black  marginal  spots; 
it  is  elongate  in  form  and  tiie  iiead  heart-shaped. 

Professor  Comstock  cites  it  as  occurring  also  upon  the  goose,  but  upon 
what  authority  we  are  unable  to  .say,  as  the  authorities  consulted  meu- 
tiou  it  oul}'  as  a  parasite  of  the  sheldrake. 

THE   PIGEON   LIPEIIRUS. 

{Lipeurus  baculus  Nitzsch.) 

This  is  another  of  the  species  that  was  given  a  name  and  figure  in 
the  work  by  Kedi  more  than  200  years  ago.  It  was  also  described 
briefly  by  Linue  under  the  name  of  rediculus  coliimbac,  but  since  the 
description  by  Xitzsch  in  1S18,  under  tiie  name  of  Lipeurus 
baculus,  this  has  been  the  accepted  name,  ami  has  been  used 
by  nearly  all  writers  since  that  time.*  It  is  not  strange 
that  it  attracted  the  attention  of  early  naturalists,  as  it 
occurs  in  wonderful  abundance  on  almost  every  pigeon 
that  may  be  examined,  and  its  striking  ap|»earance,  due  to 
the  extreme  slenderne.ss  of  the  body,  would  at  once  catch 
the  eye  of  the  observer. 

It  is  about  2  millimetres  in  length,  the  body  very  slen- 
der; the  head  and  thorax  are  of  a  bright  reddish-brown 
'/'Ij*         color,  while  the  abdomen   is  rather  dusky  with  a  series  of 
Fig.  26.-Li.   pfitches  of  a  brown  color  corresponding  with  the  segments 
lu,.  (O.iKinai.)   "f  the  abdoiueu. 


"Giebel  names  and  describes  two  species,  haciUui  and  haculu*,  referring  both  to 
Xitzsch,  and  i>laciii^  nwAvx  hanUu»  the  form  which  all  other  anthors  refer  to  haculnt, 
and  rcforriiifj  to  hacitlus  a  form  not  soji.t rated  l)y  other  authors,  but  which  he  de- 
scribes as  ditVereiit  from  the  other  form.  Itjseeiiis  undesiral)le  to  add  names  without 
a  more  ih'cided  dilVerence  in  form,  and  we  agree  with  Piaget  in  uniting  both  under 
the  old  name. 


39 

So  far  as  known,  this  i.i)ecies  is  confined  to  pigeons,  and  there  seems 
no  danger  of  their  being  transmitted  to  other  fowls  with  which  they 
may  associate. 

Piaget  states  that  he  has  fonnd  the  females  astray  upon  a  Stdn  aiha, 
upon  a  I'otanus  (jlottis  aiKl  upon  a  Charttdrius  minor,  only  in  tiie  last  case 
the  appendages  of  the  cly[)eus  wanting  ;  the  last  segment  had  the  lobes 
more  acute  and  the  dimensions  were  less. 

Denny  described,  under  the  namesof  iV' tr»iMS  claviformis,  what  appears 
to  be  the  young  of  this  sjjecies,  though  he  gives  measurements  for  males 
and  females,  which  would  seem  to  indicate  that  he  was  able  to  see  the 
sexual  organs.  In  all  thesi)ecimensweliaveexamined  that  agree  with  his 
figure  and  description  of  this  form  wo  have  been  unable  to  discover  the 
genital  organs,  wliichmakes  it  appear  thatthey  are  immature,  and  they 
are  in  all  cases  associated  with  the  baculus,  with  which  they  seem  to 
agree  in  all  structural  characters.  The  body  is  shorter,  the  markings 
less  distinct,  and  the  rudiment  of  a  trabecula  is  more  prominent  than 
in  the  adults. 

It  seems  best,  therefore,  at  least  till  well  marked  males  and  females 
can  be  found,  to  consider  these  as  immature  hncnlus. 

Piaget  does  not  discuss  this  matter,  but  in  his  index  to  the  "  Les 
Pediculines  "  he  gives  N.  claviformis  as  a  83-nonym  of  L.  baculus. 


k 


THE  SQUALID  DITCK  LOUSE. 

{Lipeurus  sqnalidus  Nitzsch.) 

According  to  Denny,  this  species  was  referred  to  by  Fabricius  under 
the  name  of  Pcdicnlvs  anatis,  and  it  seems  extremely 
probable  that  it  was  referred  to  under  other  names  by 
ujany  of  the  early  writers,  since  it  is  so  common  on 
many  species  of  ducks  that  it  is  hardly  possible  that  it 
should  have  been  entirely  overlooked.  The  first  defi- 
nite reference  to  it,  however,  is  the  description  by 
Nitzsch  in  1818;  and,  more  fortunate  than  some  of  the 
related  species,  this  has  been  allowed  to  hold  in  all 
subsequent  works,  and  so  far  as  we  know  there  are 
no  synonyms  for  its  specific  name. 

It  is  a  verj'  abundant  and  common  species  and  oc- 
curs on  a  great  many  different  species  of  ducks,  both 
wild  and  domesticated;  indeed,  so  generally  does  itoc- 
cur  on  the  difterent  species  of  the  genus  Anas  and  re- 
lated genera  that  we  may  almost  say  that  it  is  common 
to  all  species  of  the  familj*  including  the  ducks- 
It  is  quite  characteristic  in  appearance,  and  not 
likely  to  be  confused  with  other  species  on  the  same 
birds.  It  is  about  4  millimetres  (one-sixth  inch)  in 
length,  elongate  in  form,  and  of  a  light  yellowish  color,  /_ 

with  dark  border  to  the  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen,  squniidu'i.   (Ori'^in'li.')' 


40 

On  the  lattiT  this  border  is  broken  mio  a  series  of  rjuadrate  patches 
corresitonding  with  the  segments.  The  young  lack  the  definite  mark- 
ings of  the  adults,  but  have  nearly  the  same  general  outline  of  body. 
The  annexed  figure  will  doubtless  enal)le  anyone  to  determine  with 
certainty  as  to  specimens  taken  from  ducks. 

(LipcuruH  anuris  (rurlt.) 

Under  this  head  is  recognized  a  species  which  is  said  to  differ  from 
the  rtH.srr»s  of  Linmeus  and  other  authors,  which  is  i-eferred  to  jejttnis 
of  Nitzsch.  It  was  described  from  specimens  taken  from  the  domestic 
goose,  but  would  appear  to  be  rather  a  rare  species  since  it  has  not  been 
generally  recognized.  We  insert  it  upon  the  authority  of  Piaget,  who 
seems  to  consider  it  as  unquestionably  distinct  from  related  species, 
though  apparently  in  doubt  as  to  the  real  form  from  which  the  descrip- 
tions were  made. 

THE   LIPEI'RUS   OK   TIIK   GOOSE. 

{Lipeurus  jijunuH  Nitzsch.) 

It  is  geuerall}'  accepted  that  Kedi  had  tiiis  species  in  hand  as  one  of 
the  different  parasites  which  he  figured,  and  it  has  certainly  been  re- 
ferred to  by  Linnaeus,  Albin,  Olfers,  and  others,  but  the  description  by 
Nitzsch  may  be  taken  as  the  first  strictly  technical  description  that 
would  separate  it  certainly  from  related  forms.  Denny  records  it  as 
taken  from  the  white-fronted  goose,  the  Brent,  the  wild  goose,  and  the 
beau  goose,  and  Piaget  adds  the  gray  goose,  Canada  goose,  domestic 
goose,  and  the  agypthuH. 

It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  it  is  generally  distributed  upon  members 
of  the  goose  family. 

We  have  not  had  .specimens  in  hand,  but  it  is  described  as  slender, 
pale  yellow-white,  with  a  pitchy  margin,  the  first  eight  segments  of  the 
abdomen  with  quadrangular  bands,  and  the  legs  dusky  above. 

THE   TURKEY   LOUSE. 

(Lipeurus  polytrapezius  Nitzsch.) 

This,  like  the  vdriahilis,  appears  to  have  been  one  of  the  earliest 
si)ecies  to  receive  recognition,  as  Linnaeus  cites  lledi  (Esper.,  t.  II ;  fig. 
L')  with  the  name  Pcdivulus  accipitris,  while  he  himself  uses  the  name 
Pcdiculus  mekagri(ii.s,  and  gives  a  brief  description,  which  probably 
refers  to  this  species.  Authors  have  quite  generally,  however,  followed 
the  name  given  by  Nitzsch,  as  above.  It  has,  doul)tless,  been  common 
wherever  this  fowl  has  been  kept  and  is  one  of  the  familiar  species. 

It  is  of  rather  large  size,  3  to  'M  millimetres  (an  eighth  of  an  inch)  in 


41 


length,  of  an  clonjrated  form,  having  a  pale,  yellowish  white  color,  and 
with  a  black  margin  around  the  body.  The  abdomen  is  long,  and  all 
the  segments  but  the  last  are  marked  with 
a  grayish  brown  trapezoidal  spot  on  each 
side. 

According  to  Denny,  "their  mode  of  pro- 
gression is  rather  singular,  as  well  as 
rapid.  They  slide  as  it  were  sideways 
extremely  quick  from  one  side  of  the  fiber 
of  a  feather  to  the  other,  and  move  equally 
well  in  a  forward  or  retrograde  direction, 
which,  together  with  their  flat  polished 
bodies,  renders  them  extremely  difficult  to 
catch  or  hold.  1  have  observed  that  where 
two  or  more  genera  infest  one  bird,  they 
have  each  their  fovorite  localities;  for, 
while  the  Goniodes  sti/lifer  will  be  found 
on  the  breast  and  neck  of  the  bird,  the 
Lipeurns  jmlytrapezins  will  be  congregated 
in  numbers  on  the  webs  and  shafts  of  the      v,    .yo    t-  i  . 

Fig.  iS.—Lipt'urus  polytrapezxue. 

primary  wing  feathers."  (After  Piaget.) 


THE   VARIABLE   CHICKEN-LOUSE. 


{Lipeurtis  variabilis  Nitzsch.) 

This  species  appears  to  have  been  recorded  as  early  as  1668  by  Kedi, 
later  by  Friscli,  unless  these  both  refer  to  Menopon  pallidum,  and  to 
have  received  »  brief  description  by  Liunajus  {Fauna  Suecica,  No. 
1960)  under  the  name  of  Pedicidus  caponis.  The  name  by  which  it  is 
now  universally  known,  however,  was  given  with  description  by  Nitzsch 
in  1818.  (Germar's  Mag.,  iii,  292.)  While  no  very  extensive  literature 
seems  to  have  accuuuilated  in  reference  to  this  particular  species,  it 
is  of  course  included  in  the  many  articles  referring  to  poul- 
try lice  in  general.  It  does  not  seem,  however,  to  be  so  abun- 
dant as  some  of  the  other  species  infesting  the  common 
domestic  fowl. 

It  is  about  2  millimetres  (one-twelfth  of  an  inch)  in  length, 
the  body  elongated,  of  a  whitish  color,  and  smooth  and  shin- 
ing.    The  margins  of  the  body  are  black;  the  head  is  large, 
rounded  on  the  anterior  margin,  and  the  whole  appearance 
Isufliciently  distinct  from   any  of  the  species   infesting  the 
chicken,  so  tliat,  with  the  aid  of  the  flguie,  there  can  be  no 
Fic^^'xi  difficnltyin  distinguishingitat  a  glance.     Denny  says:  "Com- 
peurugvana-  mou  ou  the  domestic  fowl,  preferring  the  primary  and  second- 
ary feathers  of  the  wings,  among  the  webs  of  which  they  move 


bilit.    (After 
Denny.) 


with  great  celerity." 


42 


THE  WHITE  SWAN  LOl'SE. 


{Ornithobius  cygni  Denny;  Ornithobius  bucephalug  Giebel.) 

This  large  and  handsome  species  was  quite  certainly  recognized  by 
Redi  and  figured  by  liiin  and  lias  received  frequent  mention  since.     It 
is  a  consiiiouous  species  and  appears  to  occur  in 
great  abundance  on  different  species  of  swans,  so 
that  it  is  readily  obtained.     It  has  been  recorded 
as  occurring  on  the  domestic  and  wild  .swan  of  the 
old  world  as  well  as  the  musicus  and  lieicickii,  and 
V    we  have  tnken  it  in  great  abundance  from  the 
^  common    swan    of   this    country,    probably    the 
Tiumpeter  Swan. 

The  body  in  this  species  is  whitish,  but  so  trans- 
j)arent  that  all  the  internal  organs  are  easdy  seen 
through  the  body  walls.  There  are  black  points 
at  the  out(  r  hind  margins  of  about  four  of  the 
abdominal  segments,  as  showu  in  the  figure,  and 
the  last  segment  is  dusky  or  nearly  black.  It  is 
4  millimetres  long  (one-sixth  of  an  inch)  and 
the  body  rather  slender  and  decidedly  flattene«l. 
Altogether  this  species  seems  to  be  almost  as 
beautiful  and  as  graceful  in  its  movements  as  the 
bird  whicii  harbors  it.  Some  of  the  specimens 
we  have  secured  appear  to  contain  blood,  and  while  these  parasites 
are  not  supposed  to  extract  blood  from  their  hosts  it  is  possible  that 
they  may  at  times  burrow  deej*  enough  to  secure  access  to  the  capil- 
laries or  feed  upon  blood  that  may  have  exuded  from  wounds  upou  the 
surface  of  the  bodv  of  the  bird. 


Fig.  30. — Omithohiui  ei/gni. 
(0n}:iiial.) 


THE   LOUSE   OF   THE   CAT. 


{Trichodectes  subrostratus  Nitzsch.) 

While  it  is  possible  that  this  i)arasite  was  referred  to  by  Ctto  Fabri- 
cius  about  the  year  17S0  under  the  name  of  Pedicidus  canis,  the  lirst 
certain  reference  to  it  appears  to  have  been  the  description 
by  Nitzsch  in  1818.  Since  that  time  it  has  been  referred 
to  by  nearly  all  writers  on  the  common  parasites  of  ani- 
mals, but  so  far  as  we  know  there  has  been  no  special 
description  of  the  ditVereiit  stages,  and  we  must  assume 
that  there  is  no  important  departure  from  the  liabits  of  i. 
species  that  are  more  thoroughly  known. 

It  is  a  little  more  than  a  millimetre  in  length  and  has 
much  the  appearance  of  the  species  occurring  on  other  do-     k,,,.  M.-Tri. 
mestic  animals,  but  is  distinguished  particularly  by  the  form  f>««ifctf  mbro- 
of  the  head,  which  is  quite  pointed,  and  the  under  part  of  the  'l^'^'    '°"^ 


43 

front  of  tbe  head  is  hollowed  out  in  a  furrow  about  the  size  of  a  hair. 
The  insect  will  often  be  found  adhering  by  the  mouth  parts  with 
a  hair  so  closely  held  in  this  groove  that  it  is  somewhat  diihcult  to 
tell  where  the  hair  begins  as  separate  from  the  insect. 

There  is  no  record  that  we  have  seen  that  indicates  its  presence 
on  any  other  animal  than  the  domestic  cat,  and,  judging  by  our 
own  observation,  it  is  only  occasionally  that  cats  become  infested 
with  it.  When  they  do  the  usual  remedies  may  be  administered,  es- 
pecially a  washing  with  kerosene  emulsion,  after  which  the  animal 
should  be  allowed  to  dry  in  a  warm  place,  as  the  fur  is  so  tine  that  they 
dry  slowly. 

THE   BITING  LOUSE   OF   THE   DOG. 

{Trichodevtes  lattis  Nitzsch.) 

Something  over  a  century  ago  DeGeer  mentioned  a  species  of  parasite 
on  the  dog  under  the  name  of  Ricmuscanis,  which  prob- 
ably referred  to  this  species,  and  another  mention  by 
Olfers  under  the  name  of  Pedieulus  setosus  probably 
preceded  the  description  by  Nitzsch  under  the  name 
which  the  insect  has  borne  since  1818. 

Probably  every  one  who  has  had  much  to  do  with 
dogs  is  aware  to  what  an  extent  this  i)arasite  may  mul- 
tiply and  how  troublesome  it  Is  to  this  friend  of  man.       vs;:.:....iar     i 
It  is  generallv  believed  that  the  lice  are  more  trouble-   x-    oo^T^  , 

"^  •  *I(i.32 — Trichoai'Cte$ 

some  to  puppies  than  to  old  dogs,  and  it  is  not  at  all  latut.  (After  Denny.) 
unlikely  that  the  insects  migrate  when  possible  from  older  to  younger 
animals. 

In  color  this  species  agrees  pretty  closely  with  the  other  species  and 
it  is  of  about  the  same  length  as  the  cat  louse,  a  little  more  than  1 
millimetre,  but  it  is  much  broader  in  proportion,  being  more  than  half 
as  wide  as  long,  and  the  head  is  short  and  the  front  but  slightly  curved. 

THE  LOUSE   OF   THE  BEAE. 

( Trichodectes pinguis  Nitzsch.) 

.Inasmuch  as  the  common  brown  bear  has  been  to  a  considerable 
extent  domesticated,  and  indeed  furnishes  a  means  of  support  to  a  cer- 
tain class  of  people,  it  seems  proper  to  introduce  mention  of  its  com- 
mon parasite  here.  The  species  was  described  by  Nitzsch,  and  appar- 
ently later  authors  have  done  little  more  than  quote  his  description. 
To  what  an  extent  bruin  suffers  from  the  company  of  his  guests  we  are 
not  aware,  but  they  probably  multiply  upon  him  as  on  other  animals 
and  cause  him  the  same  amount  of  annoyance. 

It  IS  described  as  characterized  by  the  form  of  the  head,  which  is  sub- 
quadrangular.     It  is  nearly  2  millimetres  in  length. 


44 

THE    LOUSE    OF    THE    LLAMA. 
{Trichodecten  breviceps  Kudow.) 

lu  some  parts  of  South  America  tbe  llama  is  a  very  important  domes- 
tic animal,  and  consequently  tUis  parasite  Las  a  place  with  the  other 
species  included  in  this  work. 

This  species  was  described  by  Kudow  in  186G,  but  as  we  have  not 
seen  specimens  we  fuust  leave  it  with  the  mere  mention.  It  is  said  to 
be  one  millimetre  in  length  and  doubtless  agrees  closely  with  the  other 
species  of  the  genus  in  appearance. 

THE   LOUSE   OF   THE   GOAT. 

[Trichodectes  climax  Nitzsch.) 

Since  this  species  was  described  by  Xitzsch  in  the  early  part  of  the 
present  century,  it  dot'S  not  seem  to  have  receive<l  very  frequent  no- 
tice and  Denny  does  not  appear  to  have  found  it  in  England.  We  have 
as  yet  not  found  it  in  this  country,  and  though  it  doubtless  occurs  occa- 
sionally among  the  goats  kept  here  would  seem  to  be  rather  rare. 

It  is  described  as  having  the  head  wider  than  long,  quadrangular  in 
shape,  and  the  body  in  the  female  nearly  two  thirds  as  wide  as  long, 
the  length  being  about  li  millimetres. 

The  Trkhodcctes  capnv  of  Gurlt  is  considered  by  Piaget  as  identical 
with  climax,  while  the  Tr.  caprcv  of  Packard  is  not  mentioned  by  him, 
but  Professor  Verrill  has  expressed  the  opinion  that  it  is  equivalent  to 
/i»i^flf»«,  mention  of  which  follows.  It  may  be  statetl  here,  however, 
that  the  figure  giren  by  Packard  agrees  well  with  Piaget's  figure  of 
climax.     It  may  be  that  all  of  these  are  but  varieties  of  one  species. 

[Trichodectes  limbaim  (iervais.) 

This  species  is  referred  to  the  Angora  Goat,  and  is  recognized  as  a  dis- 
tinct species  by  Giebel,  Piaget,  and  others.  It  is  the  species  to  which 
Professor  Verrill  thinks  Dr.  Packard's  capra:  belongs.  Dr.  Packard 
does  not  state  upon  which  species  of  goat  he  found  his  specimens, 
but  it  is  probable  that  they  were  from  the  common  species,  and  if  so, 
and  inasmuch  as  his  figure  agrees  fairly  well  withc/iwj<i.r,  it  would  seem 
as  likely  to  belong  there. 

In  a  recent  bulletin  from  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Dr.  Cooper 
Curtice  describes  these  forms  and  endeavors  to  establish  their  specific 
identity.  The  principal  points  urged  are  a  proportional  difference  in 
size  between  males  and  females,  a  difference  in  markings,  and  ditference 
in  size  of  eggs,  but  these  are  all  variable  and  the  differences,  as  shown 
in  the  excellent  figures  accoinj)anying  the  report,  are  so  slight  that  we 
are  the  more  impressed  with  the  view  that  they  are  the  same,  and  unless 
it  be  shown  that  they  do  not  interbreed  nor  survive  if  changed  from  one 
host  to  the  other  we  should  be  inclined  to  use  the  two  names  as  svnonvms. 


45 

THE   LOUSE   OF   THE   SHEEP. 

(Trichodectes  spfucrocephalus  Nitzscb.) 

Rt'di  is  credited  with  the  recognition  of  tliiis  species,  and  following 
him  Linnanus  described  it  under  the  name  of  I'ediculus  ovis,  and  later 
still  it  was  described  iu  detail  under  the  name  given  above.  Denny's 
reference  to  it  would  indicate  it  as  rare  in  England  and  we  have  not 
met  it  here.  If  it  is  of  rare  occurrence  it  may  be  considered 
as  fortuuate,  for,  if  abundant,  it  would  be  rather  difficult  to 
contend  with  on  account  of  the  long  wool  of  the  host. 

The  name  indicates  its  characteristic  feature,  namely,  the 
rounded  head.  The  color  agrees  closely  with  the  related 
species. 

Where  it  occurs  it  would  be  the  best  plan  to  pay  close  at- 
tention to  destroying  them  at  the  time  of  clipping  the  sheep 
even  if  they  are  but  few  in  number,  as  at  any  other  time  the  JJ^-J^^'Ji^^'- 
labor  of  making  thorough  applications  for  them  is  grently  rocephaius. 

1  .  (AfterDenny.) 

increased. 

THE   BITING  LICE   OF   HORSES,   MULES,   ASSES,  ETC. 

(Trichodectes  equi  of  Authors.) 

The  original  reference  by  Linnaeus  to  the  lice  of  horses  and  asses 
under  the  name  of  Pediculus  equi  most  certainly  refers  to  the  common 
Trichodectes  infesting  these  animals,  but  Piaget  has  reached  the  conclu- 
sion that  this  reference  is  to  the  form  subsequently  described  by  Giebel 
as  Trichodectes piloms,  and  that  the  form  described  by  Denny  as  egi«,and 
which  has  since  almost  universally  been  treated  as  the  Linnaean  species, 
was  in  reality  a  different  insect  from  that  described  by  Linnaius  under 
the  same  name.  He  therefore  describes  this  form  under  the  name  of 
parumpilosus.  It  is  certainly  somewhat  confusing  to  be  obliged  to  drop 
the  familiar  designation  for  so  common  a  species,  and  were  it  not  that 
this  conclusion  has  been  reached  by  one  who  is  probably  the  highest 
living  authority  regarding  these  insects  we  should  hesitate  to  introduce 
the  change.  The  figures  given  by  Piaget,  however,  leave  no  question 
that  there  is  a  decided  difference  between  pilosus  and  parumjniosus, 
and  it  is  equally  certain  that  our  common  species  belongs  to  the  latter 
form;  so,  if  there  is  no  qnestion  as  to  Linnams  having  the  form  irilosus  in 
hand,  we  certainly  have  no  right  on  technical  grounds  to  apply  the  term 
equi  to  onr  common  form.  We  will  therefore  introduce  descriptions 
and  comparisons  of  the  two  forms  and  adopt,  for  the  present  at  least, 
and  on  the  authority  of  Piaget,  the  names  given  iu  his  "Les  Pedicu- 

lines." 

( Trichodectes  pilosus  Giebel.) 

This,  according  to  Piaget,  is  the  form  originally  designated  by  Lin- 
nffius  as  equi,  and  which,  if  that  is  correct,  was  the  basis  for  a  name 


46 


f^ 


V 


/• 
/' 


Fig.  ZK—Trichuaectet 
piloins.  {After  Piaprt.) 


which  has  been  widely  used  to  designate  the  biting  lice  of  the  members 
of  the  liorse  family.  The  original  reference  dates  back  considerably 
more  than  a  century,  and  doubtless  the  insect  was  familiar  many  cen- 
turies before  that,  as  the  horse  and  ass  have  been  too  familiar  as  domes- 
tic animals  to  allow  of  the  parasites  common  to  them  escaping  entirely 
the  notice  of  num. 

According  to  Piaget  this  occurs  upon  both  the  ass  and  the  horse, 
while  the  following  species  he  has  found  only  on  the  hor.se. 

We  have  not  been  fortunate  enough  to  secure  examples  of  this  form, 
though  we  have  the  other  in  great  abundance,  so  we 
are  ■compelled  in  describing  to  depend  upon  the  excel- 
lent description  and  figures  of  Piaget,  the  latter  being 
reproduced  here  for  comi)arison.  The  head  in  this 
form  is  shorter  and  less  rounded  in  front,  that  of  the 
male  being  still  less  rounded  than  the  female,  while 
the  abdomen  is  more  slender  and  tapeiing.  The  trans- 
verse bands  are  also  represented  as  less  conspicuous. 
Perhaps  the  most  striking  i)oiiit,  however,  is  the  i)osi 
tion  of  the  antenna',  which  stand  well  forward  on  the 
head,  so  that  the  front  borderof  the  Lead  and  base  of 
theantenniT?  are  nearly  in  line. 

The  habits  of  the  species  and  the  remedies  applica- 
ble to  it  are  naturally  identical  with  those  of  the  other  related  species. 

{Trichodectes  parumjyiiosus  Piaget.) 

While  it  does  not  seem  possible  that  all  the  writers  previous  to  Denny 
should  have  overlooked  this  form,  which  appears  to  he  the  more  com- 
mon one,  at  least  on  the  horse,  it  may  be  true  that 
Denny  was  the  first  to  give  it  a  thorough  descrip- 
tion and  careful  drawing.  He  spe;iksof  it  as  com- 
mon on  the  horse  and  ass,  but  Piaget  says  he  has 
never  found  it  on  the  ass  and  there  is  of  cour.se  a 
possibility  that  Denny  did  not  distinguish  between 
this  and  the  preceding  species. 

In  this  species  the  head  is  decidedly  rounded  in 
front,  the  antenna'  inserted  well  back,  so  that  the 
head  forms  a  full  .semicircle  in  front  of  the  base  of 
the  antenna;.  The  abdomen  is  more  slender  aiui 
tapering  than  in  scahiris,  but  less  so  than  in  2)ilosus, 
as  shown  in  IMaget's  figures.  The  color  is  much 
the  same  as  in  the  allied  species,  the  head,  thorax, 
and  legs  being  a  bright  reddish  brown  or  chestnut 
and  the  abdomen  of  a  dusky  yellowish  color,  with 
about  eight  transverse  dusky  bands  occupying  the 
central  or  anterior  i)ortions  of  the  segments  and 
extending  from  the  middle  line  a  little  more  than  half  way  to  the  mar- 


FlG.  3S  —Trirkodectft  parum- 
jiiloiut.     (Orij^iaal.) 


47 

gin.  They  arc  hardly  as  conspicuous  as  in  scalnris  and  apparently 
rather  longer  and  more  conspicuous  than  in  jjj7o.sms.* 

Piaget  describes  two  varieties  of  this  species,  one  from  the  Burchell's 
Zebra  {Equus  hurchcUi)  which  he  calls  var.  oceUata  on  account  of  a 
series  of  eye-like  uncolored  spots  on  the  abdomen,  and  the  other  from 
the  small  horses  of  Java,  var.  tamala,  which  has  the  second  Joint  of  the 
tarsi  })articnlarly  developed  and  which  he  mentions  as  in  some  respects 
approaching  j^Hosus. 

The  habits  of  this  species  are  well  known  and  have  received  mention 
for  many  years.  They  seem  to  accumulate  more  particularly  upon  colts 
or  horses  in  pasture,  but  their  presence  becomes  most  manifest  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  winter,  when  they  may  become  so  numerous  as  to  cause 
great  irritation  to  the  animals  infested.  They  occupy  more  i)articularly 
the  region  of  the  neck,  and  also  accumulate  around  the  base  of  the  tail 
and  between  the  legs,  and  the  animals  will  frequently  rub  bare  places  in 
these  regions  in  their  attempts  to  rid  themselves  from  the  irritation. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  give  any  special  notice  regarding  treatment,  as 
they  must  be  attacked  on  the  same  plan  as  other  species. 

Even  if  it  proves  that  this  species  does  not  ordinarily  infest  the  mule 
or  donkey  it  would  be  policy  not  to  allow  these  animals,  if  infested,  to 
associate  with  horses,  as  we  have  no  assurance  as  yet  that  they  can  not 
thrive  on  any  of  the  members  of  the  ecpune  family. 

BITING   LICE   OF   CATTLE. 

(Trichodectes  scalaris  Nitzsch.) 

This  species,  which  is  a  very  abundant  one  upon  cattle  and  occurs 
the  world  over,  appears  to  have  been  iirst  tech- 
nically described  by  Linua-us  (System.  Natune, 
VII,  p.  1017,  No.  9,)  under  the  name  of  Pediculus 
boris,  and  evidently  the  same  species  is  referred 
to  under  the  name  of  Pediculus  tatiri  [Fauna 
Suecica,  1946).  Notwithstanding  these  descrip- 
tions, both  of  which  were  under  aditfereut  genus' 
from  that  in  which  it  is  now  placed,  the  species 
was  again  described  by  Nitzsch  (Germar's  Mag- 
azine, III,  290)  under  the  name  of  Trichodectes  sea- 
iariSj  and  it  has  been  known  by  this  name  in  all 
of  the  numerous  writings  subsequent  to  this 
description.  It  has  been  treated  by  all  writers 
upon  the  parasites  of  animals  and  is  one  of  the 
best  known  species  of  parasitic  insects.  The 
effects  upon  the  cattle  infested  are  often  quite 
serious  on  account  of  their  great  number,  but 
they  are  apparently  less  injurious  than  the  sue-  (Original.) 

torial  species  which  infest  cattle.    This  injury  depends,  of  course,  upon 


The  hair  line  iu  the  figure  is  ahout  one-fifth  longer  than  it  should  be. 


48 

the  numbers  occnrriiif,'  upon  the  individual,  and  somewhat  upon  the 
irritability  of  the  animal  infested.  This  species  much  resembles  the  form 
occuring  upon  horses,  but  is  somewhat  shorter,  and  the  abdomen  tapers 
less  towards  the  extremity;  tin- dark  l)an(ls  across  the  al»domen  are  also 
more  ibstinct.  They  are  generally  found  in  greatest  abundance  in  the 
spring  of  the  year,  at  which  time  adults  and  eggs  are  discovered  in 
great  numbers.  Their  development  corresponds  with  the  other  8i)ecie8, 
and  they  are  subject  to  the  same  methods  of  attack. 

They  are  very  distinct  from  the  suctorial  species  in  ai)pearance,  and 
this  difference  is  recognized  by  practical  men,  who  speak  of  them  as 
the  "little  red  lice,"  as  contrasted  with  the  '•  blue  lice,'' and  they  recog- 
nize too  the  difference  in  the  trouble  caused  by  the  two  species. 

The  application  of  kerosene  emulsion  or  of  tol)acco  decoction  at  sea- 
sons when  this  is  practicable  is  ellective,  and  we  have  found  the  proc- 
ess of  fumigation  described  in  the  chapter  on  remedies  to  be  effective, 
and  this  of  course  is  applicable  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  even  in  cold 
weather,  without  danger  to  the  animal. 

FAMILY  LIOTHEID.aE. 

LOUSE   OF   THK   DOVE. 

(Menopon  giganteum  Denny.) 

This  species  of  louse  infesting  doves  is  described  by  Denny  ( Anop. 
Brit.,  225,  f.  2,  pi.  21).  It  does  not  appear  to  have  been  commonly  ob- 
served since  that  time.  A  species  is  described  under  the  name  of 
Menopon  latum  ( Piaget,  Les  Pedic,  457),  which  is  probably  the  same 
as  Menopon  giganteum.  As  the  species  is  evidently  not  a  very  abun- 
dant one,  and  the  habits  and  remedies  for  this  species  are  very  similar 
to  those  for  the  Menodon  pallidum,  it  is  not  necessary  to  enter  into  de- 
tail as  to  treatment.  According  to  Denny,  it  is  of  a  yellowish  brown 
color,  shining,  the  head  with  a  small  brown  patch  on  each  side,  the 
prothorax  with  a  cruciform  depression  and  the  lateral  margin  reflected. 

THE   COiniON   UEN-LOUSE. 

{Menopon  pallidum  Nitzsch.) 

This  species,  probably  the  most  abundant  of  all  the  lice  infesting 
poultry,  has  been  a  familiar  creature  in  the  writings  of  entomologists 
and  also  in  all  the  literature  of  poultry  raising. 

It  was  evidently  recognized  by  Redi  (Exper.,  tab.  16,  Fig.  1),  who 
figured  it  under  the  name  of  Pulex  capi.  Linu;eus  described  it  as  Prd 
icnhis  gallinw  (Syst.  Nat.,  1020,  32),  and  it  is  also  mentioned  by  Panzer 
under  the  same  name.  Olfers  described  it  under  the  name  of  Xirmujt 
trigonocephalus,  and  Nitzsch,  recognizing  its  true  generic  relations,  gave 
it  the  name  of  Menopon  pallidum.     While  Denny,  Giebel,  and  Piaget 


49 

all  agree  in  referring  the  figure  by  Redi  to  this  species,  Linnanis  places 
it  under  his  Pediculus  caponis,  which  is  equivalent  to  Lipcurus  vari- 
abilis N. 

The  annoyance  that  this  one  species  causes  poultry 
is  probably  equal  to  that  of  all  the  other  s[)ecies  com- 
bined, for  it  occurs  in  great  abundance  and  almost 
every  fowl  examined  will  be  found  infested.    Then,  too, 
it  passes  readily  to  other  species  of  birds,  and  many  in- 
stances are  recorded  where  horses  kept  near  henroosts 
have  been  very  seriously  troubled  by  them.     Some  of 
these  accounts  seem  hardly  credible  taken  in  connec- 
tion with  the  habits  of  the  insect,  and  we  are  inclined 
to  think  that  the  worst  cases,  at  least,  may  have  been    j.,,,     ^^.-Menopon 
due  to  the  presence  of  itch  mites  on  the  poultry  and  pafiidtun.     (After 
the  migration  of  them  to  the  horses,  though  in  such  case  ^®"°y*- 
we  should  expect  the  fowls  themselves  to  show  more  serious  injury.    It 
is,  at  any  rate,  important  to  keep  lousy  chickens  away  from  horses. 

The  louse  is  ])retty  easily  distinguished  from  otiier  common  species 
infesting  the  hen  by  its  light  color  and  its  great  activity,  running  with 
great  celerity  among  the  feathers  and  from  them  upon  the  hands  of 
persons  holding  fowls.  It  is  from  1  to  li  millietres  in  length,  rather 
slender,  and  of  a  light  straw-yellgw  color. 

Eemedies  for  this  species  must  aim  to  reach  the  hiding  places  of  the 
lice  on  the  roosts  and  in  the  cracks  of  the  walls  of  the  henhouse  as  well 
as  to  destroy  those  on  the  fowl.  Thorough  fumigation  and  whitew^ash- 
ing,  with  careful  attention  to  cleanliness,  will  do  much  to  keep  them  in 
check.  Pyrethrum,  kerosene,  etc.,  may  be  used  direct  upon  the  fowls, 
and  if  they  are  liberally  supplied  with  ashes  and  road  dust  they  will 
do  much  to  protect  themselves. 

{Menopon  biscriattim  Piaget ;   Menopon  atramineiun  Xitzsch.) 

Under  the  above  name  Piaget  describes  a  species  of  louse  taken  from 
the  Gallophasis  ciivieri,  and  which  he  speaks  of  as  occurring  also  on 
the  domestic  fowl,  the  pheasant,  and  other  birds,  Ue  says  "  Siir  uu- 
GaUophasis  [Ei(2)loc(imiis)  cuvieri  j'ai  retrouv^  le  meme  parasite  sur  un 
Gallus  domesticus,  sur  un  Phasianus  colchiciis,  sur  uu  Pavo  spiciferus 
male  et  femelle  en  assez  grand  nombre  et  dernierement  aussi  sur  nne 
Meleagris  gallopavo.  II  se  lappioche  evidemraent  du  stramineum  de 
jS".,  promenant  d'uue  Meleagris  y<illopciro,  dommage  que  la  diagnose  de 
Giebel  (Epiz.,  p.  291)  soit  trop  vague  i)our  I'identifier,  mais  plus  en- 
core du  Pediculus  Meleagridis  de  Panzer  (51  f.  20).  Peut-etre  est-ce  le 
parasite  de  Schrank  No.  1019,  recueilli  sur  le  meme  oiseau." 

Itseemsvery  probable  that  the  description  of  Panzer,  Nitzsch,  Giebel, 
and  Piaget  all  api)ly  to  the  same  insect,  and  if  such  is  the  case  it  would 
21122— No.  7- 4 


50 

carry  the  recognition  of  the  species  back  to  1793  when  it  was  described 
by  Panzer  uudtT  the  name  of  Fediculus  meleayridis. 

It  would  seem  to  be  confined  more  particularly  to  the  Phasiauidae, 
and  of  these  to  infest  i)articularly  the  peafowls  and  turkey,  its  occur- 
rence on  the  hen  being  only  occasional.  It  would  evidently  pass  readily 
from  any  of  these  birds  to  others  in  the  same  family. 

THE   PHEASANT   MENOPON. 
(Meno})on  fulvo  mnviilatum  Denny ;  Menopon  productum  Piag.) 

Denny,  in  his  Monograph  jjubiished  in  1842,  describes  and  figures, 
under  the  name  of  Menopon  fulvouiaenlatum,  a  species  of  louse  occurring 
on  the  quail  and  pheasant.  Piaget  describes  also  a  species  occurring 
on  i)heasants  (rhasiaiius  pictiis  and  P.  cokhicus),  which  he  considers  as 
probably  the  same  as  Denny's,  though  neither  the  description  nor  the 
figure  enable  him  to  determine  certainly. 

According  to  Denny,  "  It  is  fulvous  yellow  and  pubescent;  head  semi- 
lunar, with  a  pitchy  transverse  spot  on  each  side;  abdomen  clavate, 
with  pale  spots  on  the  lateral  margin." 

Piaget  says  it  is  very  similar  to  M.  paUidiini,  though  distinct,  and 
calls  the  color  "  jaune  ocre,  fauve  sur  les  cotes  de  Tabdomen."' 

Piaget  also  describes  a  variety  (major)  taken  from  the  Lophopharus 
resplendens. 

THE  PEACOCK  LOUSE. 

(M€7iopon  phcestomum  Xitzsch.) 

This  species  is  apparently  confined  to  the  peafowls,  as  since  its  de- 
soription  in  1818  it  has  been  taken  only  from  these  birds.  Piaget  states 
l.iat  it  occurs  on  three  difl'erent  species,  Pavo  spici/erus,  P.  cristatu^i,  and 
F.javanicus.  It  has  not  been  recorded  from  this  country,  but  is  likely 
to  be  found  by  searching  these  binls. 

LOUSE  OF   THE   GUINEA   HEN, 

{Menopon  numida;  G.) 

Giebel  seems  to  have  been  the  first  to  have  mentioned  this  species 
aud  we  may  infer  that  it  is  usually  not  abundant.  Piaget  speaks  of  it 
as  similar  to  the  Menopon  pJuvntomunt  N. 

We  have  not  hsid  opi)()rtuiiity  to  make  careful  search  for  it,  but  it 
doubtless  occurs  on  guinea  fowls  in  this  country.  It  would  probably 
be  difficult  for  an  ordinary  observer  to  distinguish  between  this  aud  the 
common  species  infesting  hens,  and  even  if  noticed  in  abundance  on 
guinea  fowls  it  would  very  likely  escape  mention. 


51 


LOUSE   OF  DUCKS. 

{Trinoton  luriditm  Nitzscb.) 

Redi  seems  to  have  been  the  first  to  give  meution  of  this  very  com- 
mou  species,  it  being  figured  in  the  Exper.,  PI.  xii,  as  the  louse  of  the 
Teal.  It  is  also  figured  by  Albin  (PI.  4G)  under  the  same  common 
name  as  quoted  by  Denny.  Nitzsch  described  it  in  1818  under  the  name 
given  above,  and  the  species  has  been  fortunate 
enough  not  to  have  received  any  other  designation 
since,  although  it  hasbeen  mentioned  in  most  of  the 
works  referring  to  the  parasites  of  domestic  fowls  or 
the  parasites  of  birds.  It  is  a  very  common  species 
and  occurs  on  a  great  many  different  species  of  ducks,  [ 
so  that  it  is  unnecessary  to  try  and  enumerate  the  J^V^^^ 
hosts.  So  far  as  we  liave  seen  or  can  learn  from  rec-  '  ■^'  A*^^'*'^-^ 
ord,  however,  it  is  not  known  to  occur  on  birds  outside 
of  the  duck  family  {Anatid(v), 

Its  nearest  ally  is  the  goose  louse,  to  be  mentioned 
next,  and  it  is  easily  distinguished  from  that  by  the  dif- 
ference in  size  and  the  more  distinct  markings  in  this 
species.  The  markings  are  shown  in  the  accompany- 
ing figure,  their  distribution  on  the  head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  being  clearly  indicated  ;  the  abdomen  is  a  fig.  38.— Trinoton  luH- 
trifle  narrower  and  the  sides  a  little  more  parallel  '^'""-  <0"'-^°'^i> 
than  in  some  specimens  observed.    It  is  4  to  5  millimetres  in  length. 


LOUSE   OF   THE   GOOSE  AND   SWAN. 


(Trinoton  conspureatum  Nitzsch.) 

This  species  was  evidently  recognized  at  an  early  date,  and  is  said  to 
be  mentioned  by  Sulzer  under  the  name  of  Pediculus  anseris.  Nitzsch 
described  it  in  1818  under  the  name  which  has  been  universally  adopted 
since,  and  it  has  received  frequent  meution  since  that  time.  It  is  very 
similar  to  the  Trinoton  luriduvi,  but  may  generally  be  easily  separated 
by  the  more  diffuse  coloring  and  its  larger  size,  being  6  millimetres  (3 
lines  according  to  Denny)  in  length.  The  two  si)ecies  are  not  known  to 
infest  the  same  kinds  of  birds.  This  species  occurs  on  a  number  of 
species  of  geese  and  swans,  and  on  one  gull;  according  to  Denny  on  the 
common  domestic  goose,  on  tW  Larus  canu.i,  aud  Cygniis  bewicMi ;  on 
Cygnus  olor,  according  to  Burraeister ;  on  C  imisicus  and  olor,  according 
to  Piaget;  and  on  Anser  ruficoUis,  according  to  Grube. 

While  the  Trinoton  luridum  we  have  found  to  be  rather  common  in 
America,  the  conspureatum  has  not  been  met  with,  but  the  opportunities 
for  examining  geese  have  been  limited. 


52 


LOUSE   OF   THE   GOOSE. 

{Trinoton  lituratum  Nitzsch.) 

This  quite  distinct  species  of  louse  Las  been  known  to  entomologists 

since  l.Sl.S,  wlu-n  it  was  described  by 
Nitzscli.  Denny,  however,  did  not  re- 
C0}iui7X'  the  ii|)jtlication  of  tije  descrip- 
tion to  tliis  form  and  redescribed  it 
under  the  name  of  Trinoton  m/ualidiim. 
Later  writers,  however,  have  adopted 
the  earlier  name  and  there  will  probably 
^L.  be  no  further  confusion  rej^arding  it. 

It  is  quite  easily  distinguished  from 
the  other  species  of  Trinoton,  being 
considerably  shorter,  smaller,  and  of 
a  nearly  white  color. 

It  occurs,  according  to  Denny,  on 
Anxer  albi/rons,  the  domestic  go»ise, 
and  on  Auan  clypeata.  It  is  also  re- 
ferred to  the  Smew,  and  Piaget  states 
that  it  is  has  been  taken  from  Dendro- 
,„    _  .    ,     ,.,     ,        ,r.  •  ■    1 ,     cynna   arborea  and  Anser  albi/rons. 

39 -Tnnolon  lituratum.     (Ori;;inal  )         ^•'  •' 


THK    PIGEON   LOUSE. 

[Colpocephahnn  lougiaiudum  Nitzsch.) 

Nitzsch  described  this  form,  which  occurs  on  pigeons,  in  1818,  but  it 
was  again  described  by  Denny  in  1842,  who  gave  it  the  name  of  turbi- 
naium.  Giebel  retained  both  these  names,  evidently  considering  that 
they  referred  to  distinct  species,  but  Piaget  has  placed  them  together. 

The  species  would  not  seem  to  be  so  abundant  as  some  of  the  other 
species  of  Pigeon  lice,  and  it  has  not  been  found  as  yet  on  pigeons  that 
we  have  had  an  opportunity  to  examine. 

It  does  not  appear  to  have  been  found  on  any  other  birds,  but  has 
been  taken  from  the  common  domestic  pigeon  and  also  the  Turbot. 


THE    SWAN    LOUSE. 

{Colpocephaluni  tninutttm  Hudow.) 

Rudow  seems  to  have  been  the  first  to  recognize  this  species,  though 
its  occurrence  upon  the  swan  (Ctffjnus  musicua)  makes  it  rather  strange 
that  it  should  have  escaped  observation  so  long.  It  is  a  very  small, 
species,  as  would  be  inferred  from  the  name,  and  this  may  account  in 
part  for  its  not  having  been  earli-  r  noticed. 


53 


It  has  not  been  recorded  from  this  country,  but  may  be  looked  for 
upon  our  species  of  swans,  as  the  lice  infesting  these  birds  are  generally 
widely  distributed. 

LOUSE   OF   THE   GUINEA   PIG. 

{Oyropus  gracilis  Nitzsch.) 

The  Guinea  pig  is  perhaps  a  rather  unimportant  fac- 
tor among  the  domesticated  animals,  but  it  supports  its 
due  quota  of  parasites,  nevertheless,  and  they  require  a 
brief  mention  at  least.  They  are  quite  interesting  in 
structure,  differing  largely  from  any  of  the  species  con- 
sidered hitherto. 

The  one  to  first  receive  notice,  and  probably  the  one 
here  given,  was  referred  to  by  Schrank  under  the  name 
of  Pediculus  porcelU,  but  Nitzsch,  in  1818,  described  it 
as  Gyropus  gracilis,  a  name  which  has  been  used  by  all 
subsequent  writers. 

It  is  referred  to  generally  by  writers  on  the  subject 
and  would  seem  to  be  a  fairly  common  species  where 
guinea  pigs  are  kept.  It  has  not  been  met  with  in  this 
country  so  far  as  records  show,  but  may  be  looked  for 
with  great  probability  of  success  in  any  place  where 
guinea  pigs  are  kept  in  numbers. 

Denny  characterizes  it  as  "elongate,  pale,  fulvous; 
yellow,  finely  pubescent ;  head  and  thorax  darker,  seg- 
ments of  the  abdomen  with  transverse  striated  fascia  at    Fia.io.-Gyropus 
the  sutures;  tarsi  and  ungues  very  short  and  minute."   ^^^11")'*    * 


A- 

r 
A' 


I 


Fig. — 41.    Oyropus   ovalis. 
Denny  ) 


(After 


( Gyropus  ovalis  Nitzsch.) 

This  is  a  form  closely  related  to  the  preced- 
ing species,  and  observed  and  described  by 
Nitzsch  at  the  same  time.  It  differs  from  that 
species  in  the  much  shorter  and  broader  body, 
and  is,  according  to  Denny,  "pale  yellow- 
white;  head  and  thorax  bright  ferruginous, 
the  former  transverse ;  temporal  lobes  pro- 
duced ;  abdomen  large,  nearly  orbicular ;  legs 
thick,  the  two  posterior  pairs  curved  ;  ungues 
long,  curved,  and  strong." 

The  scanty  hair  of  the  guinea  pig  makes  the 
application  of  washes  for  the  destruction  of  the 
lice  a  very  simple  matter,  so  that  wherever  it 
is  a  matter  ot  importance  there  need  be  no 
difficulty  in  ridding  the  animals  of  the  para- 
sites. 


54 


LOUSE  OF  THE  POCKET  GOPHER. 


{Trichodectes  geomydis,  n.  sp. ) 

Related  to  the  Trichodectes  infesting  the  larger  mammals  is  a  species 
■which  has  been  taken  in  immense  numbers  from  the  Pocket  Gopher 
(Geomys  btirsarius),  at  Ames,  Iowa.  It  was  first  taken  in  1S83  and 
since  then  has  been  collected  from  a  great  number  of  individuals,  and 
I  have  also  seen  specimens  taken  from  the  western  gopher,  Thomomys, 
in  a  collection  of  parasites  kindly  loaned  me  by  Mr.  S.  K.  Cassino. 

Body  robust  and  rather  hairy.  Antennif  very  long,  the  basal 
segment  enlarged,  the  Lead  with  a  deep  semicircular  inciBion  in 
front. 

//^  "'•^      The    head  is  rather  wider  than  long  and  the  antcnn.e  are  sitn- 

/x  "^    w  ated  sonievrhat   po.-iterior  to   the  middle  and    usually  directed 

backward,  very  large  and  long,  the  joints  nearly  etjual  in  length, 
but  the  basal  are  much  enlarged  in  the  male.    Head  with  a  deep 
semicircular  incision  on   the    otherwise    semicircular    anterior 
border,  the  posteiior  border  slightly  trilobed.    Thorax  short  and 
broad  ;  suture  distinct ;  abdomen  ovate,  ta])eriug  regularly  and 
rapidly  to  the  anal  segment.    Genital  apparatus  of  male  distinct. 
The  hairs  are  distri1)Uted  evenly  over  bolder  of  head  and  sideu 
Tic. i2.— Trichodectes   of  body  ;  four  central  segments  of  abdomen  with  transverse  rows 
geomydu.  (Original.)    of  stronger  hairs  or  weak  spines,  and  the  lateral  posterior  angles 
of  all  segments  but  the  tirst  with  long  bristles.     Length,  1  millimetre. 

The  autennie  in  male  and  the  deep  frontal  incision  separate  this  from  any  species 
known  to  me,  and  I  think  there  is  no  question  as  to  its  being  a  distinct  species. 


INDEX. 


Ape,  Louse  of  the,  10. 

Berr,  Louse  of  the.  13. 
Body  Louse,  9. 
Buffalo  Louse,  18. 
Burnett's  Goniocotes,  34. 

Camel,  Louse  of  the,  12. 

Cat,  Lousp  of  the,  42. 

Cattle,  Biting  Lice  of,  47. 

Chicken  and  Pheasant,  Lipeurus  of,  37. 

Chicken  Goniodes,  34. 

Louse,  32. 

Louse,  The  vari.vble,  41. 
Colpocephaluni  longicaudum,  52. 

minutum,  52. 
Crab  Louse,  8. 

Docophorus  cygni,  32. 

icterodes,  31. 
Dog,  Biting  Louse  of  the,  43. 
Dove,  Louse  of  the,  48. 
Ducks  and  Geese,  Louse  of,  31.  5L 
The  squalid  Louse  of,  39. 

Elephant  Louse,  22. 

Field  Mouse,  Louse  of,  23. 
Flying  Squirrel,  Louse  of,  23. 
Fox  Squirrel,  Louse  of  the,  25. 

Giraffe,  Deer,  and  Antelope,  Lice  infesting,  12. 
Goat,  Louse  of,  44. 

sucking  Louse  of,  12. 
Goniocotes  abdominalis,  32. 
burnetii,  34, 
chrysocepbalus,  34. 
conipar,  33. 
hologaster,  32. 
rectangulatus,  33. 
Goniodes  colchicus,  37. 
damicornis,  35. 
dissimilis,  34. 
falcicornis,  36. 
gigas,  37. 
minor,  35. 
stylifer,  36. 
Goose  and  Swan.  Louse  of,  51. 
Louse  of  the,  52. 
Lipeurus  of  the,  40. 
Ground  Squirrels  and  Chipmunk.  Louse  of,  27. 
Guinea  Fowl,  Louse  of  the,  35,  37. 
Hen,  Louse  of  the,  50. 
Pig,  Louse  of  the,  53. 
Gyropus  gracilis,  53. 
ovalis,  53. 


Hxmatopinns  acanthopus,  23. 

antennatus,  25. 

asini,  21. 

cameli,  12. 

eurysternus,  13. 

hesperomj-dis,  20. 

macrocephalus,  21. 

piliferus,  11, 

sciuropteri,  23. 

sp.,  12,  22. 

stcnopsis,  12. 

sutnralis,  27, 

tenuirostris,  16. 

tuberculatus,  18. 

urius,  18. 

vituli,  16. 
Hxmatopinoides  squamosus,  28. 
Hx-matomyzus  proboscideua,  22. 
Head  Louse,  9. 
HemipteraParasita,  7. 
Hen-Louse,  common,  48. 
Hog-Louse,  18. 

Horse-Louse,  The  sucking,  21. 
Horses,  Mules,  Asses,  Biting.  Lice  of,  45. 

Liotheidee,  48. 
Lipeurus  anseris,  40. 

baculus,  38. 

heterographus,  37. 

jejunus,  40. 

lacteus,  38. 

numid*,  37. 

polytrapezius,  40. 

squalidns,  39. 

tadorna',  38. 

variabilis,  41. 
Llama.  Louse  of  the,  44. 

Mallophaga,  30. 
Henopon  biseriatnm,  49. 

fnlvomaculatum,  50. 

giganteum,  48. 

numid.Te,  50. 

pallidum,  48. 

pba?stomum,  50, 

productum,  50. 

atramineum,  49. 
Monkey,  Lice  infesting  the,  11. 

Ornithobius  bucephalus,  42. 

cygni,  42. 
Ox  Lou.se,  The  long-nosed,  16. 
The  short-nosed,  13. 

Peacock  Goniocotes.  The,  33. 
Goniodes,  The,  36. 


(55) 


PeACOck  LouBe.  50. 
PedicinuH  B|>.,  11. 
Pediculiilii',  7. 
PediculuH  (.apitis,  9. 

coDSobriuus,  10. 
vestiiDi-Dti.  9. 
Pbeasaot.  GouiocoteH  uf  the,  34. 
GodicmIph,  37. 
Menopoii,  ."iO. 
Philopterida-.  31. 
Phthirius  inguinalis,  8. 
Pigeon  Goniodes,  35. 

Goniodes,  The  litUe,  35. 
Lipeurus,  38. 
Loutte,  33,  52. 
Pocket  Gopher,  Louse  of  the,  54. 

Sucking  Louse  of  the,  28. 
PseadoDcuroptera,  30. 

Bodents,  Sucking  Lice  infesting,  22. 


Sheep,  The  Louse  of  the,  46. 
Sheldrake,  Loose  of  the,  38. 


56 


Sacking  I)og-Loase.  11. 
Suctorial  Lice,  7. 
Swan  Louse,  52. 

The  little  red,  32. 

The  white,  42 

Tricbodect«a  breviceps,  44. 

climax,  44. 

eqni,  45. 

geomydis,  54. 

latns,  43. 

limbatos.  44. 

paruinpilosos,  46. 

pilosus.  45. 

pingnis,  43. 

scalane,  47. 

spbafrocephalos,  45. 

Bubrostratns,  42. 
TrinotOD  conspnrcatum,  51. 

Inriduui,  51. 
Turkey,  Louse  of,  36,  40. 

White-footed  Mouse.  Louse  of  the,  26. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  FLORIDA 

llllll  IN  III  lllll  IIIL  III  Mil  lllll  lll{l|ll  II  llll  ij 


3  1262  09216  5876 


